The Key to Successful Reflection Essay on Writing

The Key to Successful Reflection Essay on Writing Anyone is able to make an argument but without any type of evidence the argument is worthless. As stated earlier, a self reflective essay is about giving a personal opinion on a sheet of subject matter, whether it's a book, movie or artwork. If you receive an idea as you're falling asleep or when you awaken with a fragment of a dream in your thoughts, write it down. Quite simply, it's the action of writing something out of your own perspective and reflection of the things which you are most aware of. The One Thing to Do for Reflection Essay on Writing If your purpose is to receive a high score for your reflective essay, you should understand what a terrific essay is composed of. After the term analytical essay is mentioned it could sound like an intricate kind of essay. Regardless of what essay topic you are given, our essay generator will have the ability to finish your essay easily. When you own a list of the very best tr ansitional words, you're a step closer to the perfect essay. An excellent reflective essay may be a wonderful reflective essay with the appropriate planning. A reflection essay, also referred to as a reflective essay, is a work where the writer will choose the chance to reassess and analyze a specific knowledge in a personal way. It is essential that you understand how to compose a reflection paper format to be able to deliver a fantastic reflective essay. A reflective essay paper format should demonstrate the specific points that'll be explained in the essay, Thus, you need to make sure you have more thorough understanding or memory of the experience. You have to learn how to say no to things to be able to survive as a writer. Hence, you have a trusted supply of writing wisdom round-the-clock. My works do not appear finished but that's because I need to create the reader active instead of passively perceiving the info presented in the story. When you're just on the path of a beginner writer, you want to understand how to think criticall y, be prepared to analyze facts, and discern interconnections between two thoughts. The Basic Facts of Reflection Essay on Writing There's, clearly, a limit on the range of pages even our finest writers can produce with a pressing deadline, but usually, we figure out how to satisfy all the clients seeking urgent assistance. You may also find a variety of discounts on our site which will help you to save some more money for future orders or anything you want to spend them on. It might be a small ambitious of me to provide a writing assignment at the moment, but it fits in with the unit and I'd like to understand their growth! There are simply too many submissions flying at them on a daily foundation for everyone to say that and not indicate it. The Unexpected Truth About Reflection Essay on Writing Introduction body paragraphs conclusion the introduction of an expert essay demands a lot of knowledge form the writer but the very first point to know and to keep in mind is the p eculiarity of the essays structure. Write down everything you can use as the framework of your upcoming essay. Since you may see, the notion of the way to compose a reflection essay is versatile and can be addressed in a large number of scenarios. All you will need is to compose the body of your essay in your words and in strong connection to the thesis statement. Looking ahead, you could also recognize some points which are going to be utilised to show in what way the experiences might change you later on. To reflect is to clearly consider something, whether it's an experience or an occasion. You can make your private collection of questions that will allow you to reflect on your experience. Knowing the location where you're able to locate a very good example will force you to truly feel safe and confident. For the very first reading you don't need to read it quite attentively. Writing is a chance to take a clean piece of paper and make a personal masterpiece. In realit y, writing a format is the very first task you should always get to since it will make it possible for you to develop a better plan for the paper. All About Reflection Essay on Writing Teaching English concepts to students is one of the most difficult parts of teaching, and that's why professors and teachers are always hoping to discover new tactics to teach students. Writing is among the things that I used to hate the most. College students, on the flip side, may should create a portfolio showcasing the very best work they've done, which is common in art and teaching majors. The papers are lots more difficult to write. Introduction essay paragraphs are central in any bit of writing for the reason they give readers advance details about the content and the intention behind the material. Your essay should have three or more chief parts with each one of them divided into several pieces. In the primary body, the author gets to elaborate on the essential points that support the opinion they've formed. Introduction the introductory paragraph should incorporate these elements. A reflective paper isn't quite different from different essays and also requires you to give a catchy introduction, well organized and thorough body paragraphs and robust conclusion. The decision of your reflective essay ought to be the finishing touch that brings the entire bit of writing together nicely. After choosing the points to address in the introduction and body paragraphs, you should also cause a photo of the way the ending of the paper is going to be crafted.

The Mayan Civilization An Advanced Society, Rich And...

The Mayan civilization was an advanced society, rich and full extraordinary architecture with a prodigious complexity of patterns and variety of expressions, that flourished in Mesoamerica. They were skilled architects and engineers, building phenomenal cities out of primarily limestone that still remains standing a thousand years after their civilization. Greatness and Magnificence was the signature of all Mayan cities, from their inception period and continued until the desertion of all the city states by the beginning of the ninth century. The Mayans built pyramids, temples, palaces, walls, residences and more. The limestone structures, faced with lime stucco, were the trademark of ancient Mayan architecture. Mayan buildings were often ornamented with intricate stone carved friezes, roof combs, stucco statues, and paint. Unlike other Mesoamerican cultures, the Mayans were never a one big empire governed by a single leader in a single place. The Mayan civilization was created by groups of smaller, independent city-states who governed the direct area and had nothing to do with other cities that were a great distance away. Some of the more significant Mayan city-states were Tikal, Chichà ©n Itzà ¡, Dos Pilas, Calakmul, Caracol, Palenque, and Uxmal. Even though every Mayan city is different, these city-states traded with each other quite frequently, so cultural exchange was common. Therefore, there are regional differences in architecture, almost all buildings were constructedShow MoreRelatedThe Birth of Civilization18947 Words   |  76 Pages1 The Birth of Civilization Mohenjo-Daro Figure. Scholars believe this limestone statue from about 2500 B.C.E. depicts a king or a priest from Mohenjo-Daro in the Indus valley in present-day Pakistan. Does this figure seem to emphasize the features of a particular person or the attributes of a particular role? Hear the Audio for Chapter 1 at www.myhistorylab.com CRAIMC01_xxxii-031hr2.qxp 2/17/11 3:22 PM Page xxxii EARLY HUMANS AND THEIR CULTURE page 1 WHY IS â€Å"culture† considered a definingRead MorePropaganda by Edward L Bernays34079 Words   |  137 Pageselement in democratic society. Those who manipulate this unseen mechanism of society constitute an invisible government which is the true ruling power of our country. We are governed, our minds are molded, our tastes formed, our ideas suggested, largely by men we have never heard of. This is a logical result of the way in which our democratic society is organized. Vast numbers of human beings must cooperate in this manner if they are to live together as a smoothly functioning society. Our invisible governorsRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesLandscape Sam Wineburg, Historical Thinking and Other Unnatural Acts: Charting the Future of Teaching the Past Sharon Hartman Strom, Political Woman: Florence Luscomb and the Legacy of Radical Reform Michael Adas, ed., Agricultural and Pastoral Societies in Ancient and Classical History Jack Metzgar, Striking Steel: Solidarity Remembered Janis Appier, Policing Women: The Sexual Politics of Law Enforcement and the LAPD Allen Hunter, ed., Rethinking the Cold War Eric Foner, ed., The New American

Accounting Theory External Parties

Question: Describe about the Accounting Theory for External Parties. Answer: Introduction Financial reporting and accounting are meant to offer reliable and significant information on an entity or other organization to external parties. The key reporting instruments incorporate valuable data as they report on the past. This past orientation diminishes the potentiality of the stakeholders in making effective decisions for future. Thus, International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) is a standard that operates as a uniform code of language and is very beneficial in establishing a common reporting method for users that facilitates in proper decision-making by users. Part - A Sustainability is now a major issue for the society and business. Even among the long-standing leaders of sustainability, the relevance of debate has now moved beyond concern for future generations. The concept of IFRS has now become very popular amongst most countries because in corporate reporting, due importance is not just given to the profits but also on how contributive and beneficial the company is. Report on sustainability offers appropriate information about the social, economic, and environmental impacts caused by the everyday activities of an organization (Jordan, 2013). With the assistance of IFRS, sustainable reporting can assist organizations to understand, communicate, and measure their social, environmental, and economic performance, and then establish motives, and sustain change more efficiently. IFRS aims to combine sustainability reporting into a single integrated report that aims to communicate every viewpoint of the performance of a company. This in turn is very advantageous to the company as it obtains an opportunity to communicate with both its internal and external stakeholders in order to portray how it is operating as per their objectives. Since IFRS aims to combine both financial and non-financial aspects of a company into an integrated report, sustainable development has now become a vital aspect of functioning in the life of corporate. Furthermore, maintaining and building trust in governments and businesses is fundamental to attaining a sustainable economy (Jordan, 2013). Every day, governments and businesses make relevant decisions, which have direct influences on the stakeholders. These decisions are not based on financial information alone but are based on an evaluation of risk and opportunity utilizing information on a broad variety of future and immediate concerns (Kvaal Nobes, 2010). IFRS assists sustainability reporting by ensuring that organizations consider their influences on these sustainability concerns and allows them to be transparent about such opportunities and risks they encounter. Hence, this enhanced transparency also facilitates in maintenance of trust in governments and businesses. For example, in relation to global change in financial reporting, India has also experienced a massive change. In India, the ICAI (Institute of Chartered Accountants of India) has come into existence since 1949 to streamline the practices of accounting. This ICAI established the Accounting Standard Board in the year 1977 to harmonize the existing diversified accounting policies, procedures, and principles. Keeping in view the complexities in the Indian environment, it is a big challenge for the ICAI to introduce immediate and complete adoption of IFRS. As per EU (European Commission), the requirement of IFRS compliance in India by all the listed companies in their financial statements will assist in eliminating barriers to cross-border trading in securities by assuring that the company accounts throughout the EU are more transparent and reliable. If the Indian companies prepare their financial accounts in accordance with IFRS, they can be more simply compared with their accounts with IFRS user countries and EU companies. This will also enhance market efficiency and minimize the expense of raising capital for the companies, thereby improving competitiveness and boosting the economy (Kvaal Nobes, 2010). Besides, globalization and multinational corporations are successful in India due to the implementation of IFRS for sustainable reporting. Furthermore, Indian business firms can gain the ability to start interconnections with new financial experts, international suppliers, and other clients while IFRS plays a major role in identifying the connections of Indian commerce in the markets. All types of companies now give due prominence to the current and potential uses of IFRS for sustainable reporting. In other words, IFRS sustainability reporting is released by organizations and companies of all sizes, types, and sectors from each corner of the world. It assists in classifying economical values to the environmental effects of the operation of an organization in order to describe such effects on the environment, efficiency of cost, and business risks. Companies that produce IFRS sustainability reports have been found doing well and by releasing these reports, they indulge with the external stakeholders, integrate with global and local communities, and engage in inclusive discourse, which can result into investments that benefits both the company and environment as a whole (Larson Street, 2004). In a saturated market or competitive market, disclosure of IFRS sustainability commitments results into positive differentiation of the organization and better performance. Stu dies associated with CSR (corporate social responsibility) have if companies in highly competitive markets, if indulge in sustainability initiatives, can enhance organizational success, minimize negative social impact, and benefit the society as a whole. The interconnection between International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) and its current and potential uses for sustainability reporting is very effective. Besides, this interconnection is motivated by the international efforts of different countries to make their operations more effective to the environment and to save energy as a whole. Gathering of information and framing a sustainability report based on IFRS can assist a company to establish new methods of data collection and to imagine new processes about long-held strategies. Furthermore, the data collected in the process of reporting can assist companies in innovation of processes, minimize waste, and obtain insight into potential areas of growth. Validating and managing this data also requires establishing effective interconnections with the external and internal stakeholders of the company. The mere idea of an IFRS sustainability reporting bounds each company to start operating and planning to make strategies for the b etterment of environment, thereby facilitating in sustainable growth (Slaper Hall, 2011). This reporting can provide companies a better insight into potential differences in business and process. Besides, innovative companies can employ environmental and social initiatives as opportunities for significant learning. Hence, these are the current and potential uses of IFRS for sustainable reporting. Part B Accounting standards provide the base for reporting for all entities on a uniform basis. With the increased globalization, entities are having increased responsibility towards transparent and accountable disclosures. Accounting standards provides guidelines to facilitate the reporting on matters for benefit of all classes of stakeholders as the various aspects of recognition, measurement, presentation, treatment, and disclosure of accounting transactions are defined by policy documents (Pyo Lee, 2013). The meaning and coverage of the term Sustainability differs from organization to organization. Sustainability reporting is the communication from corporations that include its responsibilities and activities taken for the concern towards social and environmental impacts in addition to the financial reporting (Hajer, 2005). The country selected for report is United States of America as it has the highest implementation requirements with reference to sustainability in comparison to other countries. Apart from the routine accounting standards issued and applicable to corporate, there is a non-profit organization name Sustainability Accounting Standards Board incorporated in the year 2011 to focus on the social and environmental issues and their appropriate disclosure. The specific requirement of SASB is the reporting in Form 10-K to be filed by the public companies in USA. To facilitate comparison, SASB has focused on industry specific standards and identified 80+ industries for which the key performance indicators updated and disclosures of material information are a fundamental requirement. It would be pertinent to note that though SASB develops standards for implementation in the US market, it is widely used by organizations all around the world as it provides the guidelines in a phased manner. Through these standards, organizations have a cost effective way to implement and manage the disclosures related to sustainability issues. The prospective investors provided such information that helps them make useful decisions about the corporate performance on sustainability issues by comparison with the benchmarks. As FASB, GRI, IIRC, GISR, and SEC are all independent organizations with mission for the applicability, disclosures and risks related to sustainability management, SASB ensures that there is no duplication in the integrated reporting by collaboration with these bodies. Thus, it is complementary with these bodies. Briefly, GRI provides applicable sustainability indicators, each GRI report is unique in its way, and companies should adopt SASB standards for the disclosure of the minimum information about material issues related to integrate reporting. The GRI report should then be prepared if a broader communication to the stakeholder is intended. The significance of this GRI Report understood by the fact that companies preparing this report have more chances of being selected as a supplier (Global Reporting Initiative, 2011). Thus, there is recognition for both the company and the Standards. The IIRC only provides the principles for integrated reporting but does not prescribe any matrices. Companies have to anyhow adopt SASB standards for the disclosure requirements. The SEC requires companies to make disclosures in Form 10-K and Form 20-F about the material risks and the SASB helps by providing guidelines as to what constitutes material risks for the purpose of this disclosure (Jorgensen Sodestorm, 2012). The GISR has the mission of developing sustainability-rating standard. SASB assists GISR in developing and defining the term materiality for the development of the rating system. These frameworks have the combined effect of creating awareness about environmental impacts and the related risks and opportunities. Thus, the Sustainability Reporting Standards adhere to various principles that are listed below: The standards aim at long-term value creation and mitigation of risk. It is based on robust and extensive research carried out over various sectors of the economy. The standards make the various sustainability factors measurable, quantifiable, comparable, and auditable. The standards ensure highest quality reporting and thus serve the objective of decision-making. It fulfills the criteria of relevance, usefulness, completeness, cost-effectiveness, and applicability and direction ability. It supports the convergence with the international standards and is reflective of the shift to the modern integrated reporting (Potter Soderstrom, 2012). Thus, it can be seen that these standards are to be used complementary to the FASB standards. With the increased usage of internet and social media, investors have become more active in seeking information, lodging complaints, and tracking company performance. The stakeholder perception of which company is accountable and which matters are accountable has significantly changed. With these changes, emerges the newer and wider definition of materiality, financial reporting, sustainability, and integrated reporting (Hegarty et. la, 2004). IAS 8 defines materiality as, the omission of items which have the impact of either individually or collectively influencing the economic decisions of the users to the financial statements. The International Auditing Standard 320 states that the possible effect of the misstatements on the individual users or corporations could vary depending upon the needs (Norman MacDonald, 2004). Thus, materiality in the sustainability-reporting standard AA1000 is inter-linked with the accounting and auditing standards. The financial reporting community is concerned with the broader range of stakeholder groups and this led to the publication of AA1000 Framework in 1999. This Framework does not limit the scope of materiality but extends it to link materiality with strategy formulation and implementation, performance management and value creation. The Framework requires reporting of such issues under materiality that can make a change in the organization performance (Apergis et. al, 2013). These requirements help in heading towards integrated materiality in financial and sustainability reporting. AA1000APS further stands to extend materiality to include such matter that will affect the actions, decisions, and performance of the stakeholders and the organization. To meet these requirements, organizations have to follow a materiality determination process integrated with the issues of the shareholders, financial considerations, peer-comparisons, and industry norms in the broader sustainability-reporting context. As there are different set of expectations from different groups, the standards are designed at addressing the conflicts (Global Reporting Initiative, 2011). The IIRC also released a paper that defines materiality as, such issues that could change the assessment of the financial capital providers with reference to the ability of the organization to create value (Apergis et. al, 2013). Thus, this extends the significance of materiality for a specific category of stakeholder namely financial capital providers. The Materiality Background Paper lays emphasis on the role of the senior management and key managerial personnel in the process of determining materiality as in many cases the lack of attention or the ignorance of the management is observed (Pietersz, 2011). This clearly calls for a shift in the thinking of the Board of Directors from the routine reporting requirements in the standards to what can create long term value for the stakeholders though it might not be measurable or quantifiable (Barbu et. al, 2014). Thus at various points of times, different set of organizations and bodies have extended the definition and reporting under materiality and the combined impact of all these have made compliance all the more challenging for entities (Barbu et. al, 2014). Though there is no specific penalty or disallowance defined in any of these standards for the non-compliance, the adherence to these creates a positive impact and lifts the value of the company in the eyes of public. The climatic changes all over the world mandate the measurement of the emissions from the various manufacturing companies and the effective waste disposal management systems for all companies. These are seen as significant challenges in the corporate governance and sustainability reporting. The risks of the climatic changes have to be first identified and the possible impact of the same has to be disclosed as a part of the integrated financial reporting framework (KPMG, 2008). In a similar manner, the measurement of natural resources like water and natural capital forms a part of the Global Sustainability Reporting Standards. Thus, the concept is developed with the goal of measuring items that matter. There is a positive push for the transparency not just for financial reporting but also the strategy formulation and the suitable measurement of the actions of the companies. The areas that are meaningful for the stakeholders are targeted and translated in the form of Standards prescribed by various bodies. The mixture of these tools achieves market recognition. A classic example of the integrated reporting can be found in the Annual Report of a company named Novo Nordisk. The features that are unique from the routine annual reports are: Key financial figures with metrics for social and environmental performances. Share information and stock dividend information to include comparisons with the long term targets, Graphical representation of the performance, comparison, and discussion with the long-term targets and changes in targets, if any. Integration of the environmental and social performance of the company with the management decision making, Consolidated financial statements and separate set of social and environmental statements that are mostly non-financial in nature. Audit and assurance reports not just for the financial part but also for the social and environmental reporting. This is one of the significant acts that stresses on the responsibility part of the company. It ensures that no part left unattended and hence, the policy of company is appreciated (Nikhil et. al, 2009). Thus, this company serves as a great example for all those companies that are willing to follow the sustainability reporting standards. Reporting mechanism In the rise of corporate scandals and crimes, it is observed that the mindset of the management and the reporting entities is corrupted with the need and greed for fast money. This keeps them away from the transparent reporting under the various standards. This has also led to the increased regulations which actually at to supervise the functioning and reporting as per the disclosure requirements under the various acts (Albuquerque et. al, 2013). Thus, there is a need to create awareness and make corporate realize the importance for doing a legitimate and fair business. The history of any successful organization depicts the true and fair reporting in various aspects to have created long-term value for the organization. Therefore, the organizations should not only be concerned for creating wealth but also look for providing sustainable development (Deegan Rankin, 1997). There is a strong urge to do so because if it is left unattended it might devoid future generation of the ample benefits. Hence, creating awareness is strong desirable so that every country is alert in this regard. This will be a strong step towards the future development. However, the costs of compliance have increased under the integrated reporting framework, but the benefits from the same certainly outweigh its costs. It is predicted that increased number of countries stress on the need for sustainability reporting on serious levels and ensure that companies provide the relevant information over various periods of time (Horngren, 2013). The cost might be high at the initial point of time but in the end, it will provide additional to the companies and will bring a balance in operations. Conclusion Many companies due to the increased competitiveness and practical problems of implementation see the desired levels of transparency as a liability. Due to this, there is a requirement for non-financial information to be more standardized and to be included under different and specific sections. It should be complementary to the financial information, which is definitely a challenging task. These standards have been clearly developed over time due to the stakeholder requirements and the response of the companies to the increasing reporting is an interesting phenomenon to analyze. The future of sustainability reporting looks bright provided companies co-operate in the implementation of the same. References Albuquerque, R., Durnev, A., Koskinen, Y 2013, Corporate social responsibility and firm risk: theory and empirical evidence, Boston University. Apergis, N, Eleftheriou, S, Payne, JE 2013, 'Analysis: The relationship between international financial reporting standards, carbon emissions, and RD expenditures: Evidence from European manufacturing firms', Ecological Economics, vol. 88, pp. 57-66. Barbu, EM, Dumontier, P, Feleaga, N, Feleaga, L 2014, 'A Proposal of an International Environmental Reporting Grid: What Interest for Policymakers, Regulatory Bodies, Companies, and Researchers?', The International Journal of Accounting, vol. 49, no. 2, p. 253. Hajer, M 2005, The Politics of Environmental Discourse: Ecological Modernization and the Policy Process, Oxford University Press. Deegan, C Rankin, M 1997, 'The materiality of environmental information to users of annual reports',Accounting, Auditing, and Accountability Journal, vol. 10, no. 4. pp. 562-583. Global Reporting Initiative 2011, G3.1Sustainability Reporting Guideline, viewed 6 October, 2016, https://www.globalreporting.org/resourcelibrary/G3.1-Sustainability-Reporting-Guidelines.pdf Hegarty, J., Gielen, F., Barros, A 2004, The implementation of international accounting and auditing standards: Lessons learned from the World Bank's Accounting and Auditing ROSC Program: The World Bank. Horngren, C 2013, Financial accounting, Frenchs Forest, N.S.W: Pearson Australia Group. Jordan, A. 2013, Advantages and Disadvantages of IFRS compared to GAAP, Research Methodology, viewed 7 October 2016, https://research-methodology.net/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-ifrs-compared-to-gaap/ Jorgensen, B Soderstrom, N 2012, Environmental disclosure within legal and accounting contexts: An international perspective, University of Melbourne working paper. KPMG 2008,KPMG International Survey of Corporate Responsibility Reporting 2008, KPMG International. Kvaal E Nobes CW. 2010, International differences in IFRS policy choice: a research note, Accounting and Business Research vol. 40, no. 2, pp. 173-187. Larson R.K Street D.L. 2004, Convergence with IFRS in an expanding Europe: Progress and obstacles identified by large accounting firms survey, Journal of International Accounting, Auditing and Taxation, vol. 13, pp. 89119. Nikhil, C Bhagaban, D, Kumar, P 2009, 'Harmonization of Accounting Standards through Internationalization',International Business Research, no. 2. Norman, W MacDonald, C 2004, 'Getting to the bottom of "Triple Bottom Line, ,Business Ethics Quarterly, vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 243-262. Pietersz, G 2011, Corporate social responsibility is more than just donating money, KPMG Advisory Services B.V, KPMG Caribbean Network. Potter, B Soderstrom, N 2012, Can integrated reports replace financial statements?, University of Melbourne working paper. Pyo, G., Lee, H 2013, The association between corporate social responsibility activities and earnings quality: Evidence from donations and voluntary issuance of CSR reports,The Journal of Applied Business Research, vol. 29, no. 3, pp. 945960. Slaper, T. F., Hall, T. J. 2011, The Triple Bottom Line: What Is It and How Does It Work? Indiana Business Review. vol. 86, no. 1, pp. 6-10.

Marbury v. Madison free essay sample

In the election of 1800, the Federalists became the minority for the first time when Thomas Jefferson, a Democratic Republican, beat John Adams, a Federalist in the presidential race. In the 1800’s, elections were not like today. Back then, the presidential inauguration did not happen until March. So even though Congress was still in session, the outgoing president had not left office yet. John Adams, the outgoing president, and his Federalist colleagues realized that both the Executive branch, and the Legislative branch were about to overrun by their opponents and they wanted to stay in power. To do this, President Adams came up with a plan to expand the number of Federalist judgeships in the Federal Judiciary. Shortly before the expiration of Adam’s presidency, he appointed a whole bunch of judges in hopes that they would carry on his legacy. Adams took advantage of an act of Congress known as the organic act or the â€Å"Midnight Judges Act,† signing judicial commissions for the JP’s in DC before Jefferson took office. We will write a custom essay sample on Marbury v. Madison or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The Organic Act was an attempt by the Federalists to take control of the Federal Judiciary before Thomas Jefferson took office. John Marshal, while he was still acting as Secretary of State, was supposed to deliver the newly appointed JP’s commissions; and he wanted to because after all Marbury was a â€Å"Federalist,† but Marshal ran out of time. When Jefferson finally takes office, he appoints the former Secretary of State John Marshal as his Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. Thomas Jefferson, who was now the newly elected Democratic Republican President, comes into office and sees all these undelivered JP commissions, and decides that his administration does not want to have all these Federalist judges in the Federal Judiciary. Jefferson orders his Secretary of State James Madison not to deliver the JP’s commissions. One of these judges was William Marbury, and Marbury really wanted his judgeship. Marbury had a friend, who happened to be the former Attorney General of the United States, who told Marbury that there was a statute passed by congress several years prior that allowed the Supreme Court to issue a â€Å"writ of mandamus. † A writ of mandamus is a mandate that says that if need be the Supreme Court can mandate that something happen. So Marbury also devised a plan; he would ask for a writ of mandamus. So Marbury applied directly to the Supreme Court of the United States for a writ of mandamus to compel Jefferson’s Secretary of State, James Madison, to deliver his JP commission. This is the case of Marbury v. Madison. Prior to Marbury v. Madison, the Supreme Court was looked at as weak by many of the original states. At that time, the Supreme Court was a joke to much of the country, and the Judicial Branch of the government was not fully recognized. Congress had even previously suspended the Supreme Court for a full year. This was evidence enough to Marshal of what could happen if you upset the Jefferson administration by ruling against him in this case. Marshal was faced with a tough decision; order the Jefferson administration to hand over Marbury’s commission or not. Marshal was afraid that if he ordered in favor of Marbury, it would upset the newly elected anti-federalist government, and that Jefferson would likely ignore the order setting a legal precedence making the Supreme Court inferior to the Federal Government. In deciding this case, Chief Justice Marshal asks three questions. The first question Marshal asked was whether Marbury suffered any legal harm. Marshal decided that what the president was doing, by not handing over his commission was in fact illegal. The second question Marshal asked was if there was a legal remedy at law in which Marbury could sue for legal injuries. Marshal decided that Marbury could sue because he did not receive his commission. Up to this point Marshal had decided in favor of Marbury. Then Marshal asks his third and most important question; can the Supreme Court do anything about it? In deciding, Marshal places the Judiciary Act of 1789 next to the United States Constitution and sees that the part of the Judiciary Act that gives the Supreme Court the power to issue a writ of mandamus was in fact an expansion of the Supreme Court’s original jurisdiction. Marshal finds this part of the Judiciary Act to be unconstitutional because it basically amends the constitution. Allowing this happen could become a slippery slope. What if we could amend any part of the constitution with any old piece of legislation? So Marshal rules in favor of Madison, and in turn sets a legal precedence of judicial review. This is the Supreme Court’s greatest power. It means that only the Supreme Court can compare laws to the constitution and when they notice a discrepancy, they can declare the law null in void. The reason why Marbury v. Madison is such an important case is because it defines for the first time the power of the United States Supreme Court and elevates it to the third and equal branch of the Federal Government.

Rochester Castle Stuff

Rochester Castle Stuff Rochester CastleAim: To see how castles developed through timeI think the motte and bailey castle must have been built first as it is wooden and stone and brick wouldn't have been used at that time for building castles. It would have been much quicker and much easier to build a motte and bailey than build a stone castle. It would have rotted and the wood could be burnt.The next building would be the square stone keep (source 1). It is a very simple square building. The keep is the main building in a castle. The walls are about 5 metres thick because, people didn't use guns as weapons-they used catapults. The walls could take the boulders hitting it for quite a while.The windows are small so, archers can't shoot into there. The windows get wider as they go in so, someone can defend the castle through the windows.Remains of a Norman motte and bailey castle at the...

Battle of Antietam in the American Civil War

Battle of Antietam in the American Civil War The Battle of Antietam was fought September 17, 1862, during the American Civil War (1861-1865). In the wake of his stunning victory at the Second Battle of Manassas in late August 1862, General Robert E. Lee began moving north into Maryland with the goal of obtaining supplies and cutting the rail links to Washington. This move was endorsed by Confederate President Jefferson Davis who believed that a victory on Northern soil would increase the likelihood of recognition from Britain and France. Crossing the Potomac, Lee was slowly pursued by Major General George B. McClellan who had recently been reinstated to overall command of Union forces in the area. Armies Commanders Union Major General George B. McClellan87,000 men Confederate General Robert E. Lee45,000 men Battle of Antietam - Advancing to Contact Lees campaign was soon compromised when Union forces found a copy of Special Order 191 which laid out his movements and showed that his army was split into several smaller contingents. Written on September 9, a copy of the order was found at the Best Farm south of Frederick, MD by Corporal Barton W. Mitchell of the 27th Indiana Volunteers.   Addressed to Major General D.H. Hill, the document was wrapped around three cigars and caught Mitchells eye as it lay in the grass. Quickly passed up the Union chain of command and recognized as authentic, it soon arrived at McClellans headquarters.   Assessing the information, the Union commander commented, Here is a paper with which, if I cannot whip Bobby Lee, I will be willing to go home.   Despite the time-sensitive nature of the intelligence contained in Special Order 191, McClellan displayed his characteristic slowness and hesitated before acting on this critical information. While Confederate troops under Major General Thomas Stonewall Jackson were capturing Harpers Ferry, McClellan pressed west and engaged Lees men in the passes through the mountains. In the resulting Battle of South Mountain on September 14, McClellans men attacked the out-numbered Confederate defenders at Foxs, Turners, and Cramptons Gaps.   Though the gaps were taken, fighting lasted through the day and bought time for Lee to order his army to reconcentrate at Sharpsburg. McClellans Plan Bringing his men together behind Antietam Creek, Lee was in a precarious position with the Potomac at his back and only Botelers Ford to the southwest at Shepherdstown as an escape route. On September 15, when the lead Union divisions were sighted, Lee only had 18,000 men at Sharpsburg. By that evening, much of the Union army had arrived. Though an immediate attack on September 16 likely would have overwhelmed the scrambling Lee, the ever-cautious McClellan, who believed Confederate forces to number around 100,000, did not begin probing the Confederate lines until late that afternoon. This delay allowed Lee to bring his army together, though some units were still en route. Based on the intelligence gathered on the 16th, McClellan decided to open the battle the next day by attacking from the north as this would allow his men to cross the creek at the undefended upper bridge. The assault was to be mounted by two corps with an additional two waiting in reserve. This attack would be supported by a diversionary attack by Major General Ambrose Burnsides IX Corps against the lower bridge south of Sharpsburg. Should the assaults proved successful, McClellan intended to attack with his reserves over the middle bridge against the Confederate center. Union intentions became clear on the evening of September 16, when Major General Joseph Hookers I Corps skirmished with Lees men in the East Woods north of town. As a result, Lee, who had placed Jacksons men on his left and Major General James Longstreets on the right, shifted troops to meet the anticipated threat (Map). The Fighting Begins in the North Around 5:30 AM on September 17, Hooker attacked down the Hagerstown Turnpike with the goal of capturing the Dunker Church, a small building on a plateau to the south. Encountering Jacksons men, brutal fighting began in the Miller Cornfield and the East Woods. A bloody stalemate ensued as the outnumbered Confederates held and mounted effective counterattacks. Adding Brigadier General Abner Doubledays division into the fight, Hookers troops began to push the enemy back. With Jacksons line near collapse, reinforcements arrived around 7:00 AM as Lee stripped his lines elsewhere of men. Counterattacking, they drove Hooker back and the Union troops were forced to cede the Cornfield and West Woods. Badly bloodied, Hooker called for aid from Major General Joseph K. Mansfields XII Corps. Advancing in columns of companies, XII Corps was hammered by Confederate artillery during their approach and Mansfield was mortally wounded by a sniper. With Brigadier General Alpheus Williams in command, XII Corps renewed the assault. While one division was halted by enemy fire, Brigadier General George S. Greenes men were able to break through and reach the Dunker Church (Map). While Greenes men came under heavy fire from the West Woods, Hooker was wounded as he tried to rally men to exploit the success. With no support arriving, Greene was forced to pull back. In an effort to force the situation above Sharpsburg, Major General Edwin V. Sumner was directed to contribute two divisions from his II Corps to the fight. Advancing with Major General John Sedgwicks division, Sumner lost contact with Brigadier General William Frenchs division before leading a rash attack into the West Woods. Quickly taken under fire on three sides, Sedgwicks men were forced to retreat (Map). Attacks in the Center By mid-day, fighting in the north quieted as Union forces held the East Woods and the Confederates the West Woods. Having lost Sumner, French spotted elements of Major General D.H. Hills division to the south. Though only numbering 2,500 men and tired from fighting earlier in the day, they were in a strong position along a sunken road. Around 9:30 AM, French began a series of three brigade-sized attacks on Hill. These failed in succession as Hills troops held. Sensing danger, Lee committed his final reserve division, led by Major General Richard H. Anderson, to the fight. A fourth Union assault saw the famed Irish Brigade storm forward with its green flags flying and Father William Corby shouting words of conditional absolution.   The stalemate was finally broken when elements of Brigadier General John C. Caldwells brigade succeeded in turning the Confederate right. Taking a knoll that overlooked the road, Union soldiers were able to fire down the Confederate lines and force the defenders to retreat. A brief Union pursuit was halted by Confederate counterattacks. As the scene quieted around 1:00 PM, a great gap had been opened in Lees lines. McClellan, believing that Lee had over 100,000 men, repeatedly refused to commit the over 25,000 men he had in reserve to exploiting the breakthrough despite the fact that Major General William Franklins VI Corps was in position. As a result, the opportunity was lost (Map). Blundering in the South In the south, Burnside, angered by command rearrangements, did not begin moving until around 10:30 AM. As a result, many of the Confederate troops that had originally been facing him were withdrawn to block the other Union attacks. Tasked with crossing the Antietam to support Hookers actions, Burnside was in position to cut off Lees retreat route to Botelers Ford. Ignoring the fact that the creek was fordable at several points, he focused on taking Rohrbachs Bridge while dispatching additional troops downstream to Snavelys Ford (Map) Defended by 400 men and two artillery batteries atop a bluff on the western shore, the bridge became Burnsides fixation as repeated attempts to storm it failed. Finally taken around 1:00 PM, the bridge became a bottleneck which slowed Burnside advance for two hours. The repeated delays permitted Lee to shift troops south to meet the threat. They were supported by the arrival of Major General A.P. Hills division from Harpers Ferry. Attacking Burnside, they shattered his flank. Though possessing greater numbers, Burnside lost his nerve and fell back to the bridge. By 5:30 PM, the fighting had ended. Aftermath of the Battle of Antietam The Battle of Antietam was the bloodiest single day in American military history. Union losses numbered 2,108 killed, 9,540 wounded, and 753 captured/missing while the Confederates suffered 1,546 killed, 7,752 wounded, and 1,018 captured/missing. The next day Lee prepared for another Union attack, but McClellan, still believing he was out-numbered did nothing. Eager to escape, Lee crossed the Potomac back into Virginia. A strategic victory, Antietam allowed President Abraham Lincoln to issue the Emancipation Proclamation  which freed slaves in Confederate territory. Remaining idle at Antietam until late October, despite requests from the War Department to pursue Lee, McClellan was removed command on November 5 and replaced by Burnside two days later. Selected Sources CWSAC Battle Summaries: AntietamAntietam on the Web

5 porter forces Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

5 porter forces - Essay Example A company offering goods at cheaper prices tends to attract more potential clients than one whose prices are exorbitant (O’Shaughnessy, 2006, p.12). Michels Patisserie as a large industry faces rivalry from other enterprises in Australia which leads to fluctuations in the eventual gains. Competitors who try to drive the industry out of business are major rivals, and this can be achieved through bad rumours and law suits. In the long run, the competition reduces the profits and at times if healthy, causes gain in the industry. However, the firm ensures that strategies to control rivalry are maintained and that it ensures the highest levels where competition is involved by offering the best services. Differentiation of goods is common in the food industry, and this is no different in a cake firm. Substitutes provide an easy outlet to consumers of goods when prices of those that they consume go up. A large cake industry faces low gains when the price of cake goes down, and the clients opt to consume bread instead. Threats of substitutes in the markets will lead to low profits due to high prices that the customers cannot afford. The firm has however dealt with such threats by ensuring that the costs of production are low and that customers can obtain quality and cheap products. Various advertisements have been implemented to create awareness that ensures consumption of cakes even when prices are up. The income of a consumer at any point in time determines what and how much is to be bought. The purchasing power of a person is subject to income. A company should set up products and goods where people are able to get and access them. The products to be offered and the prices set should meet the ability of people to purchase. As a large cake industry based in Australia, Michels Patisserie has to ensure that the goods produced meet such abilities. The firm has ensures that the profits obtained are those projected by availing products to many consumers through branching

You have been appointed as a Marketing Consultant. In this role you Assignment

You have been appointed as a Marketing Consultant. In this role you are required to prepare a three-year marketing plan for Bonobos in the U.K market - Assignment Example But according to Dunn there was a gap for the fashion companies which took inputs but created something which a consumer can never do on its own. Thus the company to fill this gap established community driven platform where the customers through social media, purchase behaviour and commentary would affect the offerings made by the company. Eventually the company’s goal evolved from merely solving men pant problem to solving men shopping problem. Bonobos.com also provides access to products which are mad locally but lacked an optimal distribution and promotions; these items were termed as ‘Stuff’ which included belts, shoes and accessories. Bonobos used social media sites to promote its products which proved to a success for the company. These communities enabled Bonobos to markets its products and sell them without investing any dollar in traditional form of promotional techniques. Bonobos used Twitter, Facebook and the company’s blog to promote and gather inputs from the customers. In the first year of its business the company earned net revenue of $1.6million selling almost 30,000 pairs of pants. By 2009, Bonobos introduced trousers at a low price and Dunn expected the company to finish between $3.5millions to $4.5millions (Kinsey, 2009). Internal Environment refers to the internal factors of a business which are generally controlled by the business itself. It refers to the environment that exists within the organisation. The internal environment includes objectives of the organisation, its managerial policies, different departments of the company, the employees and the management of the organisation, brand image as well as corporate image, relationship between labour and management, physical resources which includes infrastructure, vision of the top level management, research and development of the organisation, and the working conditions of the organisation. Human resource an important component of the internal environment is largely

Contemporary International Problems Essay Example for Free

Contemporary International Problems Essay The United States of America experienced various disputes and wars in its history. Some of these armed conflicts do not only take place within their boundaries because there are also some battles that they have to fight in another country’s territory. The reasons for engaging in such warfare may either directly or indirectly involve the U. S. However, one thing is sure, that in the country’s every participation there is a certain interest that its officials want to fulfill. This kind of situation is what exactly took place in the U. S. ntervention in the Vietnam War. The U. S. government wants to achieve a certain national interest that will work for their benefits. The Vietnam War started in 1954 when the Communist-led parties of the Vietnamese Nationalist and the Vietminh army defeated the French forces. France was forced to recognize North Vietnam as communist while leaving the Southern part of the country as non-communist. Nevertheless, the U. S. did not approve this situation especially the establishment of communist leadership in North Korea. President Dwight D.  Eisenhower ordered the establishment of political machinery in South Vietnam. This includes creating a government that replaced the French leadership as well as deploying military advisers that will train the South Vietnam army. The Central Intelligence Agency of the U. S. also employed psychological warfare in order to weaken North Vietnam. The United States government explicitly expressed its participation and commitment in the Vietnam War when they ordered continuous air bombing in North Vietnam by means of the Tonkin Golf Resolution. The war ended in January 1973 through a diplomatic agreement that resulted in the U. S. withdrawal from Vietnam in exchange for the release of U. S. prisoners (Rotter, 1999). The intervention of the U. S. in the Vietnam War is part of their national interest of establishing democracy in different countries and controls the spread of communism. During the Cold War two conflicting forces are involved namely: the Communist bloc and the Democratic bloc. The U. S. leads the Democratic group, which is why they are doing all the necessary means to combat communism. Their intervention in the Vietnam War is an effort to stop other Asian countries from following the principles of communism especially since Ho Chi Minh is the one leading the Northern part of the country (Rotter, 1999). The American government believes that communism is an enemy because it defies every value and principle that the U. S. upholds such as: free trade and democracy. In relation to this the operations of the U. S. against the Communist bloc is largely dependent upon their belief in the Domino Theory. The Domino Theory is similar to a set of dominoes wherein toppling one of it will result for the others to follow suit. In the same manner, Vietnam represents the first domino that toppled down. The U. S. deemed that if they will not intervene in the Vietnam War other countries in the Southeast Asian region would also adhere to communism (Rotter, 1999). Another reason for U. S. involvement in the Vietnam War is their goal of influencing other countries to follow the path of democracy and adhere to the values and principles that the U. S. stands for. By doing so, the U. S. ould be able to win their battle with the soviet bloc and at the same time establish their position as the world’s superpower. The U. S. government encouraged other countries to follow their ideals by giving military and economic aid to them. This is observable when they helped France in maintaining its Indochina colonies. The U. S. also applied the Domino Theory in acquiring more countries in their side. They think that by showing other countries the development of France, they would choose democracy over communism, as this would entail more benefits for them (Rotter, 1999). The U. S. intervention in the Vietnam War clearly shows that the country tend to intervene in others’ affairs in order to accomplish their national interests. The U. S. government used the resources that they have in order to pursue their objectives. They took advantage of the conflicts that is happening in the other parts of the world so that they could defeat the soviet bloc and control the spread of communism. In doing so, they were able to emerge as one of the most powerful countries in the world.

Atheism as a historical philosophy and its relevance in contemporary Am

Disbelief in the existence of God is an enduring, worldwide phenomenon that is quite possibly also one of the most misunderstood belief systems in the world. For many, the term â€Å"atheism† immediately spurs negative imagery inspired by years of indoctrination – churches proclaiming the sins of the infidels, and how questioning God’s infinite love will result in instant damnation. Atheists are perceived as dark, nihilistic, immoral, amoral, pessimistic, and even evil, because without God, clearly they are also without morality and goodness. But if this disbelief is so negative, why would nearly 1 billion people globally, and more than 16 percent of the American population identify themselves as â€Å"nonbelievers†? In fact, a survey published in January 2007 by the Pew Research Center for the People & The Press found that â€Å"20 percent of Americans between the ages of 18 and 25 say they have no religious affiliation or consider themselves atheists o r agnostics – nearly double those who said that in a similar survey 20 years ago† (Abel). Surely there is something to be gained in denying one of contemporary civilization’s most accepted and cherished beliefs in order to garner the respect of (and often participation from) some of the greatest minds in human history. Indeed, for most nonbelievers, it seems the justification for atheism far outweighs the justifications for theism, which they view as moot, obsolete, and inaccurate. THE PHILOSOPHY Put simply, atheism is the belief that there is no God or gods. In this sense, it is true that atheism is a â€Å"negative† philosophy in that it is the negation of theism (the word is derived from the Greek ‘a’ - without, ‘theos’ - God). However, as we shall see, this perception of atheism as a negative w... ...008 . Martin, Michael. Atheism : A Philosophical Justification. New York, MI: Temple UP, 1990. Martin, Michael, ed. The Cambridge Companion to Atheism. New York: Cambridge UP, 2006. Mills, David, and Dorion Sagan. Atheist Universe : The Thinking Person's Answer to Christian Fundamentalism. New York: Ulysses P, 2006 Nielsen, Kai. God, Scepticism and Modernity. Boston: Paul & Company Consortium, Incorporated, 1989. Odell v. Koppee, 5 Heisk. (Tenn) 91. Religulous. Dir. Larry Charles. Perf. Bill Maher. Film. 2008. Thrower, James. Western Atheism : A Short History. New York: Pyr Books, 1999. "17th Century - Investigating Atheism." Investigating Atheism. 2008. University of Cambridge. .

Mountain Men and The Path to the Pacific

Reading this book was like listening to tall tales told around the dancing flames of a faraway campfire. One can almost hear the Grizzly’s roar, the rushing river, the war cries of long forgotten warriors, and almost smell the mountain forests. Therein lies the key to the author’s approach to historical storytelling: in this book, as in his many other histories written for popular consumption on American western subjects, he vividly and impeccably writes gripping and detailed narratives about well researched colorful individuals on the frontiers of the nineteenth century. He successfully provides the context for these narratives with an easy to understand explanation of America’s western expansion, and seamlessly bundles the entirety into a stylishly written story. Utley focuses on the period between the Lewis and Clark Expedition in1804 and the end of the western expansion era in the 1850s. He chooses his subjects not only because they provided the critical first movement of America into it’s Far West, but because, he argues, their memoirs, maps, and knowledge of geography and the local Native Americans made future settlement possible. I found his thesis well proven. The author provides a brief historical context in each chapter and relates his subject’s adventures from the bottom up – often quoting vivid primary sources that exposes their contradictions — their courage and illiteracy, ambition and uncouthness, their hunger for adventure and appetite for violence, and their often inevitable tragic endings. Each chapter focuses on one or two colorful personalities, men with names like Crazy Bill Williams and Jeremiah Liver-Eating Johnson. The compelling personalities may not contribute to proving the author’s thesis, but they do make the book an enjoyable read. The author devotes more than just one chapter to his favorite, Jedediah Smith, a man as austere as his colleagues were abrasive, who carefully mapped and detailed his travels.   Smith perfectly embodies the author’s thesis, that the mountain men’s maps and journals were essential to the opening of the Far West. Utley believes that Smith was â€Å"point man in the contest for Oregon†[1], and did more to open the Far Western frontier than any other early pioneer did.   Utley notes that Smith was a man in sharp contrast to most other mountaineers, such as Jim Bridger, who were stereotypical mountain men, full of whiskey and gall and telling tall tales, as did Bridger, about petrified forests with â€Å"peetrified birds singing peetrified songs†.[2] Utley writes a revealing key passage about President Jefferson that delineates the book’s central approach to the subject of the Mountain Men. In 1802, Jefferson read a British trapper’s memoir about his travels in the NorthWest. Alexander Mackenzie's book inspired Jefferson to send a band of hearty men on a reconnaissance to scout the unknown Far West, â€Å"†¦to discover the continental passage, colonize the Pacific Coast and tap it’s fur resources, and establish commerce with the Orient.[3]   In Utley’s view, this was no mere reconnaissance, it was the first step in what was to be a century of nation building. Utley expands the scope of his book by elevating Lewis and Clark, who Jefferson delegated to lead this expedition into the new territories of the Louisiana Purchase, and those who later continued the Western exploration, as being more than explorers and trappers, they were expansionists who guided America to its westward boundary on the Pacific. By elevating the significance of his subjects, Utley elevates the overall importance of his book. Utley begins in 1804, with the Corps of Discovery’s expedition to survey the new lands. Frontiersmen and others familiar with the ways of the Native Americans joined Lewis and Clark’s expedition, such as John Colter, a riverboat pioneer, and George Drouillard, a hunter who was half Shawnee and fluent in Indian sign language. The Corps of Discovery mapped the new land, but they also reported a wilderness ripe for trapping and settlement. What the Lewis and Clark Expedition reported on their return enthralled the nation and fired the imaginations of Americans hungry for opportunity. The first to start the movement west were independent entrepreneurs hoping to enrich themselves by harvesting the abundant wildlife – the hunter-trappers. The book chronologically and geographically charts the progress of the mountaineers, always using the mountain men’s history of discovery, exploitation of resources, and mutual cooperation. Utley uses copious primary sources, including the detailed day-to-day diary of Jedediah Smith, who catalogued minutia, such as the changing beaver population, and high drama, such as having his scalp sewn back on to his head after a Grizzly clawed him. â€Å"If you have a needle and thread, git it out and sew up my wounds around my head,† he asked of a fellow trapper [4].   Utley quotes other primary sources, such as John Bradley, a naturalist who kept a detailed journal traveling with a trapping expedition to the Pacific led by John Jacob Astor. [5] Utley addresses what motivated these early pioneers of the Far West, quoting   Warren Angus Ferris, â€Å"Westward Ho! It is the sixteenth of the second month, A.D. 1830 and I have joined a trapping, trading, hunting expedition to the Rocky Mountains. Why, I scarcely know for the motives that induced me to this step were of a mixed complexion†¦Curiosity, a love of wild adventure, and perhaps also a hope of profit.† [6] Utley draws on primary sources to describe a run-in between Hugh Glass and a Grizzly with cubs: â€Å"He lay on his back, bleeding from gashes in his scalp, face, chest, back, shoulder, arm, hand, and thigh. With each gasp, blood bubbled from a puncture in his throat.† Glass’ companions, thinking him near death, left him and went ahead. But Glass was made of true mountain man grit. He rallied, and crawled back to civilization. Utley writes, â€Å"Berries and a torpid rattlesnake smashed with a stone provided his first nourishment. The Grand River supplied water. He dug edible roots with a sharp rock. Chance turned up a dead buffalo with marrow still rich in the bones. Later wolves brought down a buffalo calf that he succeeded in seizing. In a six-week demonstration of incredible strength, fortitude, luck, and determination, Glass crawled back to Fort Kiowa, nearly two hundred miles.† This story exemplifies Utley’s dramatic flair by using colorful characters and events in writing history designed to appeal to the mass audience. Utley addresses the social identity of the mountain men, profiling the diverse sampling of immigrants and culturally dysfunctional individuals willing to live a solitary existence, disconnected from family and community. He examines their alliances with Native tribes, occasionally even marrying into the tribe, and develops a theme that these alliances produced a significant contribution in maintaining peaceful relations, and obtaining future tribal cooperation in exploration and provisioning. Utley also recounts the annual trapper Frolics, when mountaineers gathered to sell their furs and skins to retail traders, replenish their weapons and supplies, swapped tall tales, and threw the frontier equivalent of a modern fraternity toga party. While Utley always presents colorful events and personalities, he always returns to his primary theme – that the detailed maps and knowledge that the mountain men recorded and shared with each other made it possible for others to later navigate the unknown and difficult mountain regions. That their information filled the vacuum of understanding about the new territories and directly prompted the great western expansion, revealing the best routes to cross rivers and mountain passes in summer and winter, as well as where there was relative safety and where danger was to found. In a later, secondary wave of exploration, Utley relates how one veteran mountain man, Kit Carson, led several military expeditions in the early and mid-1840s to the Far West to consolidate the government’s domain and control of the new territories. Commanded by John C. Fremont, who would become known thereafter as â€Å"The Pathfinder,† the expeditions continued and completed the Western exploration started by Lewis and Clark. Utley argues that these military expeditions promoted the great waves of emigration by wagon trains across the Sierra Nevada Mountains to Oregon and California. A note about Utley’s illustrations, mostly period artwork and primary source period maps. At first glance they seemed lifeless, but they ultimately provided something akin to a Rosetta Stone that helped this reader to comprehend the enormity what the mountain men faced and endured. The joy the author demonstrates through-out the book reveals his almost spiritual identification with his subjects and the terrain they pioneered. His enthusiasm and command of detail serves to fully engage the reader, which to me is the gift of a great history book. But as much as the book succeeds, its methodology raises questions about it’s limitations: the author is invested in his own formulaic pattern of popular storytelling, one wonders whether he is choosing his subjects for marketability over significance. The book is informative, engaging, and enjoyable, even inspiring, but its formulaic approach may remove the potential for revolutionary perspective or revealing interpretation. This may be an inevitable consequence of success for any historian, and I suppose one most historians would welcome, but it may limit the book’s scholarly potential. One additional criticism: in Utley’s view, the Mountain Men pursued commerce and produced national growth, but the narrative accepts their chauvinist behavior without judgment and accepts their cruelty virtually without comment, which many could interpret as a lack of balance. The ideal popular demographic target for this book are those who love American historical adventure: those who love John Ford’s films, or Ken Burn’s Civil War documentary, or books about Mountain Men. If one enjoyed the film about Jeremiah Johnson starring Robert Redford, this is a history book made for you. For scholars, it provides an engrossing and interesting read that doesn’t sacrifice its historical themes. For young students, it successfully presents those details that fire the imagination. In other words, its sweeping panorama deserves its sweeping audience. I enjoyed reading it, learned from it, and re [1] P.67 [2] p.173 [3] p.3 [4] p.56 [5] p.24 [6] p.149

Four Eras of Writing Essay

History has evolved over the last two centuries. In the introduction to Interpretations of American History edited by Francis G. Couvares, et al., he states that the transition of the way history was interpreted has only â€Å"linked the past more strongly to the present† (Couvares 1). Before, historians –mostly white male- used to report only about â€Å"male† topics but since then, different issues have transformed the way history used to be. Over the last 400 years, the four different stages that have reshaped the writing of American history have been the providential, the rationalist, the nationalist, and the professional. Late- nineteenth-century historians, usually called â€Å"historicists† or â€Å"positivists† believed that history was like science and with practice it could be solved. According to Couvares, Croce believed that Positivists were faulty in their assumptions because history was perceived differently every time it was written down since no one thinks exactly alike. With so many different views, historians are usually adding more and more information to each other’s perceptions. Couvares says that â€Å"history is historiography, the study of history and its changing interpretations† (Couvares 3). When interpreting history, historians were influenced by their personal circumstances, beliefs, and environment. During the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, all through the Civil War, historians wrote a form of â€Å"providential history† (Couvares 4). Puritans – usually ministers, magistrates, and women- wished to â€Å"justify the ways of God to man, and vice-versa† (Couvares 4) in their history. They interpreted what was happening at the time as a sign of God wanting them to move forward which led them to believe that the Revolution was a win for â€Å"reformed† Christianity. With the European Enlightenment, came more of an intellectual and natural way of thinking. Couvares notes how the â€Å"rationalist historians†, greatly influenced by Newton and Locke, prospered along with the people who had been at the top of the colonies before. During this stage, â€Å"the progress of reason† (Couvares 5), as they called it, was their new belief. Most historians during this time were wealthy and with a high position in society, hence the style of their writing. Because of the way they thought of themselves, their history explained how the â€Å"enlightened† world was a success because of men like them. According to Couvares, Jefferson’s Notes on the State of Virginia very much sums up the thought of the rationalists where they were the ones who achi eved greatness, it wasn’t God driven. However, the rationalists were not that far off from the providential it’s because their story â€Å"still pointed upward† (Couvares 6). As the nineteenth century went on, historians started to see â€Å"America as the triumph of Anglo-Saxon people over inferior races† (Couvares 6). They thought that because America had overcome other â€Å"inferior† races that they were better. Couvares explains how Bancroft organized America’s history around three themes: â€Å"progress, liberty, and Anglo-Saxon destiny† (Couvares 6). This is where the third stage comes in. Their idea that the Teutonic people were supposed to spread â€Å"freedom across the globe† was the start to their sense of pride, love, and nationalism. Not only were men, but also female historians hooked on this idea. Helen Hunt Jackson wrote about white-Indian relations, which at the time was a big obstacle to jump; while at the same time anthropologists beginning to study these relationships. Around the 1870s, though, Bancroft seemed like the past and the future possibilities were just around the corner. As universities started being built and education was more common among the middle class, history was becoming a profession. Practiced by the people who had access to advanced education, white men, they started concerning themselves with â€Å"specialized training, research methodology, and educational credentials† (Couvares 7). Adams and Turner both shared the belief of applying Darwin’s method to history. Adams argued that history was like physics and that it could be deciphered the same way. Even though Adams couldn’t accomplish his goal, Turner did while at the same time seeming connected to the nationalists is sharing a little bit of their beliefs. Throughout the first half of the twentieth century, another type of professionals emerged. These Progressive historians, unlike the Adams, saw history as politics and not as science. They believed that â€Å"science was needed to produce usable facts, and art to persuade people to act on them† (Couvares 9) but it was political action what they wanted to accomplish with it; which could be why Progressives could be classified as reformers. Basically, their point was that the function of history â€Å"was to uncover the economic basis of political ideas†¦and educate the citizenry† (Couvares 9). In the end, with the Great Depression going on and the Second World War, the question that was raised was whether or not if the history had prepared them. Nobody could have foreseen what was going to happen, and eventually history continues to be written everyday and like Couvares pointd out, â€Å"history is an act of interpretation† (Couvares 1).

china speech Essay

china speech Essay china speech Essay â€Å"On The Ten Major Relationships† Speech given by Mao Tse-tung on April 25,1956, at the meeting of the Poltiical Bureau of Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party. 1. The Ten Major Relationships is a list of the issues and concerns that have come about from instituting socialism in china. He boils down complex issues into a list of ten relationships dealing with mobilizing all positive forces, internal and external, to serve the cause of socialism and analyzing soviet policy. a. The document begins with Mao calling for China to focus on developing agriculture and light industries instead of focusing on the heavy industry like the Soviets. By doing this he says that there would be a fast increase in capital and will build a strong foundation as the people will have their needs met, which will allow for a more successful development of the heavy industry. b. Mao also says that China should focus on developing coastal industries as they will provide the most capital the fastest, which can be used to develop interior industries, which are much easier to defend if, attacked. c. In regards to defense Mao calls for a reduction of military and administrative expenditures and move the main focus to developing economic construction that will fund future defense programs. d. The government needs to be mindful of the relationship between the state and production. He says that as productivity rises then so should workers welfare, and should adjust agriculture exchange as needed, which will promote a stronger economy and state. He also mentions that the state should strengthen the communication between the central government and local authorities, and give local authorities more power and independence. The central authority should provide oversight and leadership and the local authorities should put practices into operation and push the idea of unity. e. Mao discusses the relationship between the Han and the minorities, by stating the Han while being the majority of the population were actually the minority when it came to land ownership, but the Han promoted the idea of racial division and their superiority. He emphasizes that it was all the minorities who made China’s history and that in order to reverse this thinking the cadres and masses must be educated in party policies. f. Mao address the issue between Party and non-party by stating that by having several parties within China promotes coexistence and mutual suppression and that unlike the Soviets the party has allowed the democrats to remain. He also notes that he doesn’t want the democratic parties to be removed but that they should be convinced of socialism. He also says that it is a public necessity that counter-revolutionist should be executed or imprisoned and re-educated through labor. However when it comes to counter-revolutionaries found in the party they should not be executed or arrested as they are needed to be informants and would make the party look bad domestically and internationally. g. Mao felt that people who made mistakes should not be barred from the revolution ad that they should be able to learn from their mistakes and be shown the correct path, as the

How to Find Your Birth Parent or Child

How to Find Your Birth Parent or Child It is estimated that 2% of the U.S. population, or about 6 million Americans, are adoptees. Including biological parents, adoptive parents, and siblings, this means that 1 in 8 Americans are directly touched by adoption. Surveys show that a large majority of these adoptees and birth parents have, at some point, actively searched for biological parents or children separated by adoption. They search for many different reasons, including medical knowledge, the desire to know more about the individuals life, or a major life event, such as the death of an adoptive parent or the birth of a child. The most common reason given, however, is genetic curiosity - a desire to find what a birth parent or child looks like, their talents, and their personality. Whatever your reasons for deciding to start an adoption search, it is important to realize that it will most likely be a difficult, emotional adventure, full of amazing highs and frustrating lows. Once youre ready to undertake an adoption search, however, these steps will help you get started on the journey. How to Begin an Adoption Search The first objective of an adoption search is to discover the names of the birth parents who gave you up for adoption, or the identity of the child you relinquished. What do you already know? Just like a genealogy search, an adoption search begins with yourself. Write down everything you know about your birth and adoption, from the name of the hospital in which you were born to the agency which handled your adoption.Approach your adoptive parents. The best place to turn next is your adoptive parents. They are the ones most likely to hold possible clues. Write down every bit of information they can provide, no matter how insignificant it may seem. If you feel comfortable, then you can also approach other relatives and family friends with your questions.Collect your information in one place. Gather together all available documents. Ask your adoptive parents or contact the appropriate government official for documents such as an amended birth certificate, petition for adoption, and the final decree of adoption.Medical historyHealth statusCause of and age at deathHeight, weight, eye, hair colorEthnic originsLevel of educationProfessional achievementR eligion Ask for your non-identifying information. Contact the Agency or the State that handled your adoption for your non-identifying information. This non-identifying information will be released to the adoptee, adoptive parents, or birth parents, and may include clues to help you in your adoption search. The amount of information varies depending upon the details that were recorded at the time of the birth and adoption. Each agency, governed by state law and agency policy, releases what is considered appropriate and non-identifying, and may include details on the adoptee, adoptive parents, and birth parents such as: on some occasions, this non-identifying information may also include the parents ages at time of birth, the age and sex of other children, hobbies, general geographical location, and even the reasons for the adoption.Sign up for adoption registries. Register in State and National Reunion Registries, also known as Mutual Consent Registries, which are maintained by the government or private individuals. These registries work by allowing each member of the adoption triad to register, hoping to be matched with someone else who might be searching for them. One of the best is the International Soundex Reunion Registry (ISRR). Keep your contact information updated and re-search registries on a regular basis. Join an adoption support group or mailing list. Beyond supplying much needed emotional support, adoption support groups can also provide you with information concerning current laws, new search techniques, and up-to-date information. Adoption search angels may also be available to assist with your adoption search.Hire a confidential intermediary. If youre very serious about your adoption search and have the financial resources (there is usually a substantial fee involved), consider petitioning for the services of a Confidential Intermediary (CI). Many states and provinces have instituted intermediary or search and consent systems to allow adoptees and birth parents the ability to contact each other through mutual consent. The CI is given access to the complete court and/or agency file and, using the information contained in it, attempts to locate the individuals. If and when contact is made by the intermediary, the person found is given the option of allowing or refusing contact by t he party searching. The CI then reports the results to the court; if the contact has been refused that ends the matter. If the person located agrees to contact, the court will authorize the CI to give the name and current address of the person sought to the adoptee or birth parent. Check with the state in which your adoption occurred as to the availability of a Confidential Intermediary System. Once youve identified the name and other identifying information on your birth parent or adoptee, your adoption search can be conducted in much the same way as any other search for living people.

HUMAN REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY QUESTION ASSIGNMENT - 2

HUMAN REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY QUESTION - Assignment Example Increased hypothalamus functions causes secretion of follicle stimulating hormone that mark the onset of puberty (Wilkosz et al., 6). FSH stimulates ovarian follicle to secrete oestrogen and adrenal gland to secrete androgens. Sex steroid causes secondary sexual characteristics of puberty. Sperms develop from spermatogonia mature into primary spermatocytes. Secondary spermatocytes form after first meiotic division of the primary spermatocytes. Secondary spermatocytes undergo second meiotic division to spermatids. Both divisions take place in the seminiferous tubules after which spermatids migrate to the sertoli cells (McLafferty et al., 38). Maturation of spermatids into spermatozoa involves leydig cells that produce GnRH, LH (ICSH), DHT, testosterone, ABP, and inhibin that regulate spermatogenesis. The epididymis stores mature sperms. Upon sufficient stimulation, spermatozoa move through vas deferens, ampulla, ejaculatory duct , urethra then outside the body. The tubular pathway contracts to propel the ejaculate. Semen consist of secretions form the prostate, seminal and seminal vesicles. The secretions neutralise urine PH and provide nutrition to

India taj mahal mumbai terror Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

India taj mahal mumbai terror - Essay Example The terrorists were reportedly seized an Indian boat from a fisherman after killing him to reach Mumbai. Moreover, they started their hotel operations after killing the Mumbai police chiefs who tried to block them. Even though many reasons were cited as the reasons for this attack, the major reason is believed to the destruction of the Muslim Mosque Babri Masjid by certain Hindu fundamentalists few years before. Moreover, Pakistani terrorist groups believe that the Indian frontier state Kashmir is part of Pakistan and India possesses it illegally. India and Pakistan engaged in two wars after the independence and the enmity between these two countries is a major threat for peace in South Asia. This paper briefly explains the Mumbai terrorist attack with the help of its cause and effect, culprits, possible prevention strategies etc BBC News (23 Nov 2009) has reported that the religious site where the Babri mosque was destroyed in 1992 in the northern Indian town of Ayodhya has been a flashpoint between Hindus and Muslims for years. India’s relationships with Pakistan have damaged a lot because of the destruction of Muslim Mosque Babri Masjid by certain Hindu fundamentalists. Hindu fundamentalists in India believe that the Babri Masjid was situated at their God Ram’s birth place, Ayodhya and former Mughal King Baber has captured that place and constructed the mosque without the permission from the Hindus. So they believe that Ram’s birth place is a sacred place and a temple should be constructed in that place for worshipping their God Ram. The result was the destruction of the existing mosque in 1992. The effect of the Babri Masjid was not visible immediately. Even thought the Muslim people all over the world were agitated by this act, most of them suppressed their displeasure at that time. India’s image as a secular democratic state in the eyes of the external world has severely damaged because of the above incident. Muslim

Art Apprecition IP Week Two Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Art Apprecition IP Week Two - Essay Example The art include famous tombs of emperors and Egyptian drawings (Robins, 2008). Appendix A shows the Sphinx of Senwosret III. The period was between 1878 B.C. to 1841 B.C. The artifact shows that the statue contains the half body of beast. The other part of the beast is the head of a human being. B. The Smithsonian Institution Freer Gallery and Sackler Gallery Ancient Art Sackler Gallery Ancient Art. The Smithsonian Institution Freer Gallery and Sackler Gallery Ancient Art Sackler Gallery Ancient Art contains art artifacts from the Ancient period. The time period includes famour art pieces like the huge Sphinx. The museum’s artifacts, including Appendix B, include collections from several countries. One of the prominent sections of the museum is dedicated to ancient Egyptian Art. The art pieces represent items coming from the time of the Pharaohs. The above sculptural design is typical of Ancient Egyptian Art sculpture (Schatz, 2009). C. The Louvre Museum. The Louvre, France, Museum also includes Ancient Egyptian art artifacts. The museum contains statues and other artifacts that represent the time of the Egyptian Pharaohs. Form of the Artwork. The two art forms have different forms. The hieroglyphic drawing (Appendix C) is two dimensional while the tomb of Pharaoh Perneb is three dimensional. The Ancient Egyptian art form is two dimensional. The pictures of the ancient Egyptian period include simple lines to show the shape of a human being or an animal. However, the Ancient Egyptian sculptures are three dimensional. An example of three dimensional art is the Sphinx statue (Springer, 2010). Additionally, the Appendix D picture shows the tomb of Perneb. It was constructed during 2381-2323 B.C. The tomb is made of stone and other cement-like materials. The tomb symbolizes there is an afterlife. Further, the materials used are plain paper. In the making of the pyramids and the Sphinx, stones were used in the making of the pyramids. Coarse mud

Learning Difficulties: Causes

Learning Difficulties: Causes Learning Difficulties LO. 1 Explain what is meant by learning disabilities, and outline their possible causes and manifestations. The term and definition of learning disability has its controversies and ambiguousness and the term means different things to different people having various cultural and medical connotations. Individuals identified as having learning difficulties are recognized and understood by the communities in which they live, the personal services they need, and the kind of support they expect. Yet, generally Learning Disability can be defined as a cognitive disorder that adversely affects peoples ability to interpret visual and auditory information or to link different pieces of information from different parts of the brain to integrate them in a coherent manner. There is thus an apparent lack of integration and coordination of information (see Emerson et al., 2001). These limitations as revealed through learning disabilities can be manifested as specific difficulties with coordination, attention, spoken and written language, or even self-control. Difficulties in learning also affect schoolwor k and can lead to impediments in learning to read and write. According to the Department of Health, Learning Disability can be defined as A significantly reduced ability to understand new or complex information, to learn new skills (impaired intelligence), with, a reduced ability to cope independently (impaired social functioning) and which started before adulthood, with a lasting effect on development. (DOH, 2001 p14) Specifically in Scotland the term learning disability is used to describe: those with a significant, lifelong condition that started before adulthood, that affects their development and which means they need help to understand information, learn skills and cope independently. (Scottish Executive, 2000) According to the British Institute of Learning Disabilities, (BILD), Learning Disability is just a label. BILD points out that the term learning disability is being increasingly replaced by the term learning difficulties and as given by the Warnock Committee learning difficulties is a term used to cover specific problems with learning in children that might arise as a result of a number of different factors, eg medical problems, emotional problems, language impairments etc (BILD, 2005). There can be different types of learning disabilities that can be categorized into three broad groups:Learning Disabilities related to developmental speech and language disorders. Learning Disabilities associated with academic skills disordersLearning Disabilities associated with coordination disorders, learning handicaps and problems in integration of informationFor deciding that someone has learning disabilities, three diagnostic criteria are used: Intellectual Ability Legislative definitions of learning disability Social competence. Learning disability can also be classified into two main categories and the causes can be genetic or environmental. Learning disability can occur due to several different types of causes. Impairments causing learning difficulties can occur before, after or during birth. Before birth reasons can be congenital and include Down syndrome, Turner syndrome, Hurler syndrome or Fragile X syndrome. Oxygen deprivation during birth and postnatal illnesses, brain injury or meningitis can lead to learning disabilities and impaired cognitive development. Environmental factors leading to learning disabilities can include infections, trauma, drugs or social deprivation and neglect (Watson, 2003). As we have already mentioned particular types of learning disabilities are associated with particular kinds of manifestations and specific learning characteristics. LO.2 Estimate the prevalence of learning disabilities and appreciate the impact that this may have on professional health care practice. The incidence and prevalence of learning disability is difficult to determine as the only manifestations of learning disability that can be detected at birth are clear syndromes like Down syndrome and the majority of infants with learning disabilities go undetected till much later. Delays in childrens cognitive development help ascertain whether they have learning disabilities. Prevalence of a disease or a general condition is the estimation of the number of people affected as a proportion to the general population. If IQ is used as an indicator of learning disability, then many people with learning disabilities go unaccounted for. Administrative prevalence of any such condition refers to the number of people that are provided with some form of service from caring agencies. The general consensus is that the overall prevalence of moderate and severe learning difficulties are 3-4 people per 1000 in the general population (DoH, 1992). The prevalence of severe to moderate disability has been recorded at 3.7 per 1000 population whereas the prevalence of mild learning disability seems to affect 20-30 per 1000 of the general population. Further it has been observed that among 3-4 persons in 1000 within UK suffering with learning disabilities nearly 30% report severe or profound learning problems. Within the group of individuals suffering from severe learning difficulties most also suffer from multiple physical and sensory impairments as also behavioral difficulties. These individuals require lifelong support to maintain themselves and to achieve a level of lifestyle. Emerson et al (2001), have suggested that within UK there are some 230,000-350,000 persons with severe learning disabilities, and around 580,000-1,750,000 persons with mild learning disabilities. They also suggest in their study that there are differences in male and female prevalence rates and incidence of disabilities with males showing higher prevalence than females. Enable et al. (2003) have suggested that the number of people with learning disabilities has increased by 1.2 % a year over the last 35 years and since 1965 the number of people with severe learning disabilities has increased by 50%. There are many controversies on the validity and use of epidemiological data and on prevalence and incidence rates of learning disabilities. All children with learning disabilities are not reported and in most cases it is difficult to understand the symptoms of learning disability until at a much later stage. One of the major problems is the argument that collection of data on disabled individuals invariably leads to labeling and brings in concerns as to whether such discrimination is useful or necessary. However some scholars have argued that labeling helps in identifying the disabled individuals and ensures that special needs of such people are met through adequate care provisions. Incidence rates and prevalence data on learning disabilities are helpful in clinical practice as it provides an estimate of the nature and extent of support that healthcare services should be prepared to provide. LO.3 Describe how people with learning disabilities have been misunderstood in the past and how this may affect contemporary provision of health care for them. Attitudes and beliefs about people with learning disabilities have changed rapidly in the last few decades and have consequently shaped healthcare provisions available to this group of people. Models of social inclusion and community care have replaced traditional models of institutional care and there is more emphatic appreciation of civil and human rights of individuals with learning disabilities. It has been argued that the rate of change in services to disabled individuals has been slow in Scotland as compared to other parts of Britain, but this has also helped enable accurate assessment and greater response to fulfilling needs of people with learning disabilities. Social care policies by the Department of Health, legislative definitions of learning difficulties along with human rights campaigning for such people and increased spread of awareness that learning disability is more of a convenient label, have altogether led to improved conditions and stronger commitments to provide a more person centered approach to care than before. People with severe or moderate learning disabilities were regarded as mentally deficient or retarded and since the implementation of the Mental Deficiency Act in 1913, it was recommended and all mentally retarded be categorized according to the level of disability and by 1929 100, 000 mentally retarded individuals were institutionalized in the UK. Although in the early 19th century, institutional care for patients with learning disabilities aimed at modifying or changing mental defect, this was quickly replaced by a philosophy of control and coercion in custody. The initial institutionalized colonies were changed to long term hospitals following the NHS 1946 Act. By the 1950s and 1960s the concept of custodial institutionalized care for learning disabilities was questioned and there was an eventual introduction of community care. In 1971 the White Paper Better Services for the Mentally Handicapped was introduced in Great Britain and the care philosophy was led by the concept of normalization rather than segregation. This was aimed to increase social participation and greater social roles of individuals with learning disabilities to integrate them in mainstream society. The contemporary provision of health care as set by the Department of Health or NHS gives emphasis to schedules of community care, social inclusion and social participation of individuals with learning disabilities and discourages institutionalization. LO.4 Define the concept of inclusion and identify barriers that serve to exclude people with learning disabilities from mainstream services. Introducing the strategy for services supporting people with learning disabilities in England, the Department of Health (2001) has described social inclusion in the following words:Being part of the mainstream is something most of us take for granted. We go to work, look after our families, visit our GP, use transport, go to the swimming pool or cinema. Inclusion means enabling people with learning disabilities to do those ordinary things, make use of mainstream services and be fully included in the local community.'(p24) People with learning disabilities have long been marginalized and excluded from society not only regarding social issues but also indirectly on decisions about their own lives. The Human Rights Act 2000 has also stressed on the basic fundamental rights of such individuals and this has given them a voice and strength in society. Whether it is choice of career or access to health services, the individuals with learning disabilities now have many options, and varied preferences. According to Jenkins et al (2003), an inclusive approach recognizes that formal and informal elements of the wider society need to change or adapt to enable excluded people to use opportunities and services. This explains the general approach in providing care to individuals with learning disabilities and the aim is to help them adapt and merge with the mainstream society with increased opportunities and special services. Yet there are major barriers to providing such individuals with the advantages of normal provisions and services. Some of these barriers include the nature of the problems that can involve severe physical or mental impairment. Factors identified as impediments to social inclusion of learning disabled individuals can be the process of labeling itself which discriminates socially healthy individuals from the disadvantaged ones. Although labeling has it won advantages, identifying individuals as disabled can lead to special exclusion and discrimination in areas of jobs, lifestyle or social participation. Although the situation has drastically improved after recognition of human rights needs of the learning disabled, the disadvantaged peoples own low levels of motivation, heightened social anxiety, discomfort in social participation, feelings of inferiority and practical problems in not being able to perform normal physical activities are common barriers to a health social life for these individuals. The mindset of people towards disadvantaged individuals may be changing but needs to change even further. Several associated illnesses, physical, visual, language deficiencies, special health needs such as weight problems, requirements in special schools and education needs are also some of the barriers that impede the active participation of such individuals in mainstream society. LO.5 Identify the main additional health problems faced by people with learning disabilities, and the consequent challenges posed to mainstream health services. Some of the associated health problems in people with learning disabilities are Mental illness such as schizophrenia, anxiety and depression and also challenging behavior such as aggression and self-injury. Prevalence rates of mental health illnesses are greater among individuals with learning difficulties than among the general population. Learning-disabled persons are also categorized as mentally deficient or retarded as they may not be able to perform intelligence tests due to their learning problems. Thus such people may be categories as having severe intellectual difficulties resulting in subnormality or abnormality. Abnormal conditions are however more of psychopathic disorders found widely in these individuals. Epilepsy shows higher prevalence rates in persons with learning disabilities than in the normal population. The British Epilepsy Association has estimated that there are nearly 200,000 people with learning disabilities severely affected by the learning disability disorder. (BILD, 2001) Physical and Sensory disabilities are common in people with learning disabilities as visual and auditory impairments are common in such conditions. Hearing impairment is found in individuals with Downs Syndrome and these additional disabilities are also associated with the fact that the persons with learning problems do not get support as far as using other devices are concerned. Complex health needs are common among people with learning disabilities and issues such as weight problems, or lack of a balanced diet are barriers in the betterment of such individuals. Significant numbers of people with such conditions do not engage in required amounts of physical activities and there is also a general lack of awareness about the amount or nature of diet that should be taken for a sedentary life. This leads to further complications such as heart problems, kidney problems etc at a young age. Chronic dental problems, poor oral health and unhealthy teeth and gums are some of the common problems. Such individuals have untreated tooth decay that is prolonged and causes damage, as well as a very poor sense of oral hygiene with irregular or minimal brushing and cleaning of the mouth etc. This aggravates other associated health problems. Facing and consequently overcoming health problems are the major barriers and also the major challenges not only for individuals with learning disabilities but also for social workers, community healthcare professionals and the Department of Health as a whole.The concept of social inclusion necessitates that these related health problems should be considered. LO.6 Discuss the importance of working in partnership with people with learning disabilities, using advanced communication skills, and the concept of capacity to give informed consent, along with the potential impact this may have on professional health care practice. According to Dunbar, working in partnership with people with learning disabilities is an essential first step towards social inclusion of such individuals. He wrote, people with learning disabilities or a mental illness should be treated in the same way as other people, not in side rooms. this lessens the chance of the person being out of sight, out of mind (Dunbar, 2003). This possibility of discrimination of such individuals have led to the recognition of the need for improved training, services and communication skills to effectively support and help these individuals. Health care professionals caring for persons with learning disabilities are required to have positive attitudes towards their patients. However within the healthcare setting negative attitudes and discriminatory practices are common and several studies have reported that such individuals are deprived of health care facilities and do not receive the care they should receive. In certain cases, inappropriate and derogatory language is also used to describe such patients and there have been reports of denied access to aids such as glasses or hearing equipment that can improve the quality of life for such individuals. The NHS Executive (1998) has stated that nursing staff require special training opportunities to face and overcome their fears or prejudices towards people with learning disabilities in order that they may learn to treat them with respect and equally as they treat other normal patients. Nurses and other health professionals should always try to go beyond social obstacles and try to meet or associate with such individuals in normal social situations and recognize their needs and shed any notion of stereotypes. The White Paper The same as you (Scottish Executive, 2000) has placed great emphasis on the needs of individuals with learning disabilities and to treat them equally. These are: being at the centre of decision making and have more control over their care; being included, better understood and supported by the communities in which they live; having information about their needs and the services available, so that they can take part, more fully, in decisions about them; having the same opportunities as others to get a job, develop as individuals, spend time with family and friends, enjoy life and get the extra support they need to do this; and being able to use local services wherever possible and special services if they need them. (Scottish Executive, 2000) It is recommended that specialized training should be provided to nurses to help them explore strategies of care for learning disabled individuals. Assisting in enabling inclusion and stressing on a holistic improvement of health and lifestyle of the individuals are areas of focus in nursing for such people. However as individuals with learning disabilities usually show auditory or speech difficulties, communicating with them effectively is a major challenge for nursing professionals and requires special skills and training. Communication is essential as according to legislative policies informed consent of the individual as to what treatment he should be subjected to and what his decisions are, lie as the primary focus of treatment. This is both an ethical and legal requirement that individuals with learning disabilities should be made aware and be allowed to express their opinions on any treatment or health care procedures (Eldridge, 2003). Conclusion: In this article we discussed 6 learning outcomes related to the health care needs, definitions, legislative policies, social implications and challenges of individuals with learning disabilities. Bibliography Human Rights Act (1998) London: HMSO. Mental Deficiency Act (1913) London: HMSO. Mental Health Act (1959) London: HMSO. Department of Health (2001) Valuing people: a new strategy for learning disability for the 21st century. London: The Stationery Office.Disability Discrimination Act (1995) London: HMSO. Scottish Executive (2002) Promoting health, supporting inclusion. Edinburgh: Stationery Office. National Health Service and Community Care Act (1990) London: HMSO. Department of Health (1999) Once a day. London: NHS Executive. DOH (1998) Signposts for success in commissioning and providing health services for people with learning disabilities. London: NHS Executive. DOH (1989) Caring for people: community care in the next decade and beyond. Cm.849. London: HMSO. DoH (1992) Social care for adults with learning disabilities. (Mental Handicap (LAC (92)15). London. HMSO. Dunbar, I. (2003) Inquiry under the fatal accidents and sudden death inquiry (Scotland) Act1976 into the death of James Mauchland. Sheriffdom of Tayside, Central and Fife at Dundee, Scotland. Emerson, E.; Hatton, C.; Felce, D. and Murphy, G. (2001) Learning disabilities: the fundamental facts. The Foundation for People with Learning Disabilities. London. Jenkins, R.; Mansell, I. and Northway, R. (2003) Specialist learning disability services in the UK. In: Gates, B. Learning disabilities: towards inclusion. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone. pp349-367. World Health Organization (1993) Describing developmental disability. Guidelines for a multiaxial scheme for mental retardation (learning disability), 10th revision, Geneva: WHO. Gates, B. (2000) Knowing: the importance of diagnosing learning disability. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 4(1) pp5-6. Enable (7 Oct 2002) Adults with Incapacity Act (2000). Available at, http://www.enable.org.uk/ld/awi/ Also Adults with Incapacity (Scotland) Act (2000) London: HMSO. Eldridge, P. (2003) Ethics and research involving people with learning disabilities. In: Markwick, A. and Parrish, A. Learning disabilities: themes and perspectives. Edinburgh: Elsevier Science pp65-80. Department of Health (2001) Valuing people: a new strategy for learning disability for the 21st century. London: The Stationery Office. Hogenboom, M. (2001) Living with genetic syndromes associated with intellectual disability. London: Jessica Kingsley. Scottish Executive (2000) The same as you? A review of services for people with learning disabilities. Edinburgh: Scottish Executive. Watson, D. (2003) Causes and manifestations of learning disabilities. In: Gates, B. (ed) Learning disabilities: toward inclusion. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone. British Institute for Learning Disabilitieshttp://www.bild.org.uk/links/ Department of Healthhttp://www.doh.gov.uk The Scottish Executivehttp://www.scotland.gov.uk/ National Health Servicewww.nhs.uk