‘Modern democracy’ develop in America Essay

The English colonies on the eastern coast of American can be divided into three groups, the North, the Middle Colonies and the South. They all have very different attitudes but they all came here to America to escape from the oppression back in Europe and to develop a new, democratic country. To establish democracy, they all have to face the same enemy, the British. Modern democracy involves the right to vote, check and balance, and an elected representative. The main reasons for development of modern democracy in America were religion, wealth, political freedom, pragmatism and secularism. Religion and political freedom are strongly related to each other because Christianity provided an essential moral foundation for liberal democratic government. The Pilgrims who reached New England in 1620 escaped from religious persecution by the English church and government and the corruptions of Holland. Soon they decided to set up their own government base on Christian ideas, particular the idea of equality. It was one of the early steps towards modern democracy in America. The Pilgrims drew up an important agreement called the Mayflower Compact. The agreement stated that the government would make â€Å"just laws and equal† with the consent of the colonists. In practice this meant that adult male Pilgrims met from time to time to elect a governor and a small group to assist him. The Puritans also hated the hierarchy system in the English church. But comparing to the Pilgrims, the Puritans were more ambitious. They thought it was destiny and God’s will that brought them to America. Religion and the idea of â€Å"city upon the hill† caused them to form a democratic government. â€Å"City upon a hill† was proposed by John Winthrop. He meant that the new colony would be an example for the rest of the world of how God meant men and women to live. The Puritans should build their city well and it would become a model which England might follow. Wealth also hindered the movement of democracy. First of all, the colonists in the south went to American hoping to find wealth and success which they found by growing tobacco and slave trade. Once they got wealth, they wanted to protect their property and to gain further profit. The only way to do  this is to have a government system where it will concern about people’s self interest. As a result, a democratic government is developed where most issues were approved or discussed by the people before it was passed. Pragmatism means human taking practical actions to problems. America is a new, strange land to the colonists. The colonists had to be very flexible to cope with the wilderness. Secularism means the exclusion of religious and supernatural beliefs. These two ideas combined to develop another characteristic of modern democracy that is religious freedom. It was first suggested by William Penn, a Quaker. They believed all men are equal no matter what race or what religion they believed in. The Quakers thought religion does not dictate political decisions, though the moral views originating in Christianity remain. Rather then concentrating on the religious aspect, they concentrate on improving their lives in this new country. The Shakers held a similar idea with the Quakers. They believed in â€Å"Hands to work, heart to God.† This developed the idea of you can believe in any religion or none at all, with little legal or social sanction, that is the freedom of religion. The main cause of the American War of Independence is how the British treated Americans after the Seven Years War. The Seven Years War (1756-1763) had the French on one side and Prussia backed by British gold on the other. The Seven Years War was mainly the result of trading rights. The British colonials (Americans) were pinned up against the Atlantic seaboard, with only the Hudson Bay Company in the north challenging the French trading. The colonists were running out of land. British found the need to expand. But doing so, they would enter the Ohio Valley, controlled by France. In the end, France was defeated. Although Britain won the war, they found themselves in an unfavourable situation. The war was longer than the British had expected and was expensive. Even worse, the colonists were moving west. In order to maintain their new land in America British must send troops to protect it, this was another huge spending. Since Britain had defended the thirteen colonies, they thought tha t the colonists should pay for the troops by various taxes. Starting from 1763, Britain tried to apply its own policy onto the American colonists. The American colonists were unpleased because the reason why there were here in America was to escape from English rule but now the British government was making decisions, disregarding the assemblies that they established earlier. A few events highlighted the colonists’ resentments and anger toward Britain. In 1764, the Revenue Act was introduced. It stated that colonists have to pay duty for molasses which is used to make rum. It was the first time that the colonists felt the unjust of British rule. The next year, British introduced another tax through Stamp Act. This Act made colonists to buy stamps for newspaper and many other essential items. They even have to buy license for playing cards and dice. The colonists became outrageous, they believed only their assemblies can tax on them, not the London Parliament which is few thousands miles away and they had not much power in it. The anger towards British rule was intense by Britain demolishing all duties in the Townshend Act apart from tea. The colonists regarded this as a bribe to make them end the boycott with British government so that the British can tax them. As a result, a first actual rebellion was broke out and it was known as the Boston Tea Party. Few colonists disguised themselves as Indians and threw cargos of tea into the harbour. This rebellion alerted the British. The British decided to make a harsher plan towards America. The Intolerable Acts were made in 1774 to gain total control over American colonists. The British block ports and only allow American assemblies to meet once a year. This is the ultimate reason for making the American wanted to go to war with Britain. The Acts caused the colonists to stop all trade with Britain and raise their own troops. Americans felt that Britain was taking their democracy away by simply ruling them in British way. Under British rule, Americans did not have the right to vote or to elect government. They did not have religion freedom and must follow the English church. They could not have their own trade. The colonists’ feelings could be expressed through the Philosophes’ arguments. As the famous philosophe, Voltaire said, â€Å"I disagree with everything you say, but will defend to the death your right to say it!†, he believed that the Church stood in the way of truth by telling people what to believe instead of allowing them to think for themselves. The American extended this  idea even further and thought that Britain was in the way of their democracy and that the welfare of the colony and the Empire were not always synonymous. The philosophes also emphasised on human rights and this related to how the American thought when a government does not consent the governed, it sho uld be change. The colonists fled from the oppression back in Europe and wanted to start a new life. Their religion, ambition and attidtues finally led them to the road to modern democracy. But Britain disregarded their rights and democracy and this is the immediate cause of the American War of Independence.

My Father, the Person I Admire the Most Essay

I admire a lot of people people but the person i admire the most is my mother .She is the most important person in my life.There is no reason for me to live without her by my side. My mom is a doctor. She loved to help other because she says it was her dream when she was a child. She works hard every day and she likes to learn something new every day. She leads a wonderful family life, she is always cheerful and happy. She has been married for 40 years. Read more: Essay someone I admire I admire her because she is very intelligent, ambitious and she has many goals in her life. She takes care of us because she loves us. She is also wonderful mother, very patient, sensitive and warm-hearted. She knows answers to every question, even those very silly. Being so patient and sensible, she even helps others to solve their problems. She is great fun to be with because she has a great sense of humor. My mother has many talents. She is a great runner,a good singer. Generally, Mum is a warm and friendly person. She is very patient and careful with everything that she does. She never lets social life get in the way of relationship with our. She says that family is the most important things in her life. She is very important to me, because she teaches me to be a better person every day. She is a good example to me and I love her for many more reasons. I admire my mom so much and I love her. She can always advise me. She wants the best things for our family .I want to be like her when i grow up and even if we were were a thousand miles away our hearts will always be together and forever.

Protein and Amino Acid Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Protein and Amino Acid - Essay Example A lack of amino acids in daily diet will have a greater impact on all cellular development, respiration, or renewal of cells would cease. In total there are only 22 amino acids that join together to form different proteins. In fact amino acid chains combine to form up to 55,000 different proteins, and each protein is used to produce the enzymes, neurotransmitters, and hormones that support normal growth and functioning of all organs, including the heart, brain, liver, intestine, kidneys, and sex organs (Vitaminstuff.com n. pag). Amino acids are categorized into two groups the essential amino acids that should be taken along with diet and non-essential amino acids that are produced by the body. The essential amino acids are isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, and valine. Non-essential amino acids are those that the body can manufacture from an available source of nitrogen and a carbon skeleton. The nonessential amino acids are arginine, alanine, asparagine, aspartic acid, cysteine, glutamine, glutamic acid, glycine, proline, serine, and tyrosine (Vitamin Supplements Guide n. pag). The benefits of taking amino acids as dietary supplements are many these include muscle protein maintenance, proper immune function, affecting neuronal activities in the brain, tissue repair acceleration after burn or trauma, protecting liver from toxic agents, pain relief

Psychology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 11

Psychology - Essay Example Considering the argument brought forth by then article on then relationship between the hippocampus and the acquisition of independent memories, which do not rely on the hippocampus systems. It further questions the interference of the hippocampus with the retrieval of perfectly normal hippocampus dependent memory, which has been established in non-hippocampus systems. The authors go further to make working assumptions relating to disruption of memory that is not stored in hippocampus systems during the resumption of functionality by the hippocampus. This is backed with evidence from experiments on the temporary inhibition of the hippocampus, and the resulting inconclusive results on the outcome. The main aim of the article because of the experiments conducted is revealed that the loss of memory is affiliated failure in the establishment of a lasting fear memory. In order to prove its findings in relation to loss of memory and the hippocampus; the results of experiments conducted on animals are included and the inferences revealed. As a result, it is found that inactivation or loss of functionality of the hippocampus does not result in loss of memory, retrograde amnesia, the same way that the hippocampus can interfere with retrieval of memory. In order to arrive at their conclusions, the authors of the article conducted an experiment, and based it on what is already known to cause amnesia or failure in the retrieval of memory. As such, the sponsoring institution, University of Lethbridge, approved their experiment. The approval means that the experiment was done according to set guidelines in order to acquire accurate results for their hypothesis. With this in mind, the sample of animals used in the experiment involved the use of rats that were housed in a standard laboratory and facing all similar treatment and conditions. However, in the

Discussion Questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Discussion Questions - Essay Example In this way, firms of different sizes could be compared on an equal footing. For example, COGS of firm A may be greater than that of firm B. But its sales may be higher too. Q6. The dates on financial statements are important because they indicate the period in which profits or losses accrue and cash flows occur, as well as the financial status of the company as at a date. Q7. The income statement presents the incomes or revenues and expenses or costs of the firm incurred during a period, regardless of paid or not, to arrive at the profit or loss. On the other hand, the cash flow statement of the firm presents the revenues or costs received or paid during a period, regardless of incurred or not, to arrive at the cash outflow or cash inflow. The balance sheet captures the financial snapshot of the firm as at a particular point in time. The profit or loss on the income statement enters the retained earnings account, which is under shareholder's equity in the balance sheet. The cash inflow or cash outflow from the cash flow statement is added to or subtracted from the beginning cash balance to arrive at the ending cash balance, which is under current assets in the balance sheet. Q5.

International investing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

International investing - Essay Example And it is usually easy for holders of corporate securities to sell their shares when the business is not doing well. The stockholders of a corporation risk only what they paid for their investment. The growth of international investors has greatly increased the degree of world wide economic and political interdependence. Over the past years, there has been an increasing amount of investment in the U.S. by foreign investors and in foreign nations by U.S. investors (Brigham, Houston, & Clark, 2004). These developments only suggest an increasing degree of mutual influence and interdependence among businessmen and nations, to which the United States is not immune. Here are the primary reasons why investors go â€Å"international†. a. HOME MARKET SATURATION. After a company has saturated its home market, growth opportunities are often better in foreign markets. These foreign markets will create the demand for its supply as they give the company new sets of consumers and eventually demand for new products will be discovered. b. SPECIALIZATION AND COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE. Many of the present multinational firms began their international operations because raw materials were located abroad. Specialization and comparative advantage come in. Specialization is the division of productive activities among persons and regions so that no one individual or one area is totally self-sufficient (Miller, 2004). A firm can reduce its cost by simply obtaining raw materials in countries where the price is cheaper. Other firms have moved their manufacturing facilities overseas to take advantage of cheaper production costs in low-cost countries. And because no single nation holds a commanding advantage in all technologies, companies are scouring the globe for leading scientific and design ideas. c. UNFAVORABLE DOMESTIC BUSINESS REGULATIONS AND POLICIES. The prevailing business regulations

Marketing strategy and activities of an organisation Assignment

Marketing strategy and activities of an organisation - Assignment Example The paper throws light on the term ‘marketing’ as the activity or philosophy utilised to offer products or services in order to satisfy customers’ needs or wants. Marketing is a process of producing assorted appealing experiences that connect with varied populace and generate the desire of distributing with others. Marketing includes proper planning, scheduling and executing ideas essential for the enhancement of organisational profit margin as well as brand image. According to Kotler & et. al. marketing is referred as the discipline and the talent of investigating, generating, and conveying value in order to assure the needs and the demands of target market with specific returns. Along with these, marketing also helps to identify the unfulfilled wants and requirements. However, digital media also plays a vital role in the process of marketing as it enhances the relationship between customer and marketer. Hence, it can be depicted that marketing is a human action intended for pleasing the needs and wants through the process of replacement. In this era of globalisation, marketing is one of the essential techniques utilised by organisations in order to sustain in this competitive market in the long run. This is due to the fact that marketing develops a bond in between organisations and their clients. In order to maintain the steadiness of demands of varied products or services to sustain in the market, marketing process is highly essential for an organisation. Marketing process involves investigating the needs and the wants of the target customers. This can be possible only with the help of the strategy of marketing mix. Marketing mix is a critical tool utilised for shaping a product or brand’s exclusive selling point. It is essentially done with the help of four P’s i.e. Product, Price, Place and Promotion (Kotler & et. al., 2010). Product Product is one of the vital components of marketing mix. Products are offered by an organi sation in order to satisfy the desires and the requirements of customers. It may be tangible or intangible in nature. Tangible products are those which can be actually felt whereas intangible products are services presented to customers such as hotel service, telecom and tourism among others. Moreover, organisations also attempt to offer innovative products or services which would enhance customer demand thereby improving the position and the brand image of an organisation among others in the market (Kotler & et. al., 2010). Price Apart from product, price is the other vital constituent of marketing mix. Price is the amount a customer desires to pay for a specific product or service. Price is very essential as it determines the profit and the sustainability of an organisation in this competitive world for long run. The price of varied products or services of an organisation offers considerable impact on the marketing strategy and its transactions. Moreover, the price of product or s ervice should be reasonable and affordable for all customers. Place Place is also equally important for an organisation as it facilitates in selecting an

Response paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Response paper - Essay Example Cat therefore, symbolizes women’s status that at all times strives to conform to the demands of their husband. ‘It isn’t any fun to be a poor kitty out in the rain’ reflects the way of woman’s life who is constantly under the vigil of her husband. The protagonist in the story is first addressed as ‘American wife’ and then as ‘American girl’ that subtly defines the difference between a married girl and girl who can pursue their happiness as they deem within the broader framework of patriarchal society. Married women are denied the basic right for self expression and empowerment of women and have to restrict themselves within the expected behavior as decided by their husband. Indeed, social conditioning significantly impacts marital bond and makes women rebel against the restrictions that make the unequal and less worthy of their counterparts. On the other hand, Hemingway in the story, ‘Hills like White Elephants’ shows human frailty and confused state when confronted with issues that are socially unacceptable. The author has touched the issue of abortion and describes the vacillating views of the two individuals who are trying to justify the decision for abortion. Abortion is highly sensitive issue within the society and refers to deliberate termination of fetus. It has huge moral, religious and legal implications which make it almost a taboo subject. The author’s foray into the subject is highly abstract and touches the subject in various ways to display the personal fear, social stigma and future hope. The inter-related consequences of abortion have wide ramifications and as such, make the decision as most critical aspect of the deed. The characters talk around the subject of abortion and the story slowly reflects how the woman succumbs to the desires of her partner and says ‘Then Ill do it.

Interracial relationships within teammates in sports Essay

Interracial relationships within teammates in sports - Essay Example In the arena of sports, this is especially true and of especial importance. The various factors that form this list in the arena of teamwork and relationships on and off the field have been discussed in this paper so as to pose relevant questions regarding the quality of these relationships. To be more specific, this paper discusses the area of interracial relationships and the quality of the same within and outside the field. To begin with, let us define sports. The term 'sports' signifies the act of playing a game according to rules so as to declare a winner and a loser. But the very concoction of word sport will demonstrate that no one really loses. The very fact that a person or a team has stood on the field and performed so as to uphold the game and its rules, is enough to make any person a winner for life. In context of the above mentioned factors and discussion of sports, it may be asserted that there is a strong play of motivation in the conduct of sports and that of sportsmen. The basic motivational factor that is being studied in this paper is a combination of all the factors discussed above with a focus on interracial relationships and how these affect the relationships shared within team-mates on the field and off of it. (Eig, 2007) The motivation based on racial factors mirrors the fact that there is a lot yet to be learnt in terms of the factors that actually shape the psyche of the sportsman and affect his performance in the process. It may also be noted that despite the progress made by the world in terms of phenomena like globalisation, there is still a lot left to achieve as far as one on one relationships between people of various races is concerned. This adheres to various spheres and not just sports. Since a sport is all about teamwork more than anything else, it is easy to see these flaws and take stock of the same. McConley, Pg 3 (2008) In this regard, the foremost question that needs to be asked is whether or not the motivational factors for team mates depends on the friendships and bonds formed on the basis of colour and race. For example, let us look at the case of Jackie Robinson. A baseball player par excellence, who played for the Dodgers starting with the Negro League Kansas City Monarchs in 145, he went on to lead the international batting average with .349 average. Yet, there was constant heckling that he had to face once he got down on the field. The person who stood up and supported him openly was Dodgers captain, Pee Wee Reese. Also, Robinson found strong support in the person who had faced similar discrimination - team mate and Jewish baseball star Hank Greenburg. (Eig, 2007) So the question that comes up here is whether or not like attracts like. Is this a case of the discriminated standing up for the discriminated, or a White person standing up for a minority no matter what. The question that needs to be asked is whether or not the recognition of talent should be the greatest motivation rather than the

Nursing Expertise Self-Report Scale Essay Example for Free

Nursing Expertise Self-Report Scale Essay I think that it is important to understand where you are in your nursing practice. After completing the Nursing Expertise Self-Report Scale, I realize that I still have a lot more experience to gain as a nurse. I believe that nurses must be life-long learners to stay current in the ever-changing field of healthcare. I have only been a nurse for two years. Before beginning the test, I thought that with my few years of experience, I would be a novice nurse. However, I am a competent nurse. According to Arnold and Boggs (2011) the competent nurse â€Å"views the clinical picture from a broader perspective and is more confident about his or her role in health care† (p. 127). I have been organized and able to manage my time successfully. I feel that I can consciously make decisions without direct supervision. I can assess the patient and look at all the variables before proceeding with care. I can think more long term now than I did in the beginning. I feel that in order to improve my communication skills in the healthcare setting, I have to continue to think more long-term. I need to stop being so task-oriented and start looking at the patient as a whole. Instead of doing something just because it’s ordered, I need to be diligent and make sure it is appropriate for my patient’s specific condition. I realize how important it is to be able to communicate with the physicians. We are with the patients much more than they are, and we are their eyes and ears. I feel that it is also vital to have good communication with the patients and their families. They depend on us to be honest in all that we do. When the patient trusts us, they will be more open with us. My facility does bedside shift report. I think this is important because it gives the oncoming nurse the chance to understand what the patient is going to need for the next 12 hours. It also gives the patient the opportunity to become involved in their care. As nurses, we are always communicating so it is  important to make sure that we do it correctly and efficiently. References Arnold, E., Boggs, K. U. (2011). Interpersonal Relationships: Professional Communication Skills for Nurses (6th ed.). Retrieved from The University of Phoenix eBook Collection database.

Wake up to nutella

Wake up to nutella WAKE UP TO NUTELLA CAMPAIGN of 2007 in UK 1. Context Analysis This communications plan focuses on the Wake Up to nutella promotion campaign of 2007 in the UK. The planning of the campaign by the Ferrero Group UK took around eight months and the promotion campaign had a total duration of approximately one year. (See Appendix 1 for further information about the company profile and its range of products). a. The internal and external context The most important opportunity of Ferrero was its differentiated nutella product that had low competition in the UK market. Main competitors were only Rowse Chocolate and Hazelnut Spread and Traidcraft Fairtrade Chocolate Hazelnut Spread. Furthermore the pricing of nutella created an opportunity for the company, as nutella was cheaper than the competitive products. Traidcraft Fairtrade Chocolate Hazelnut Spread for instance was being sold for  £2.26 for 400g and nutella for only  £1.59 for 400g. A threat for nutella represented the changing eating habits and lifestyle of consumers (social factors). Nowadays, the trend is going towards a healthier lifestyle and healthier eating. Due to the fact that nutella contains chocolate, the product was perceived as indulgence and unhealthy by many consumers. b. The customer context The main target market, which is a specific group Ferrero UK aims the product nutella at, are both female and male schoolchildren at the age group between 5 and 14 years and teenagers and college students, also both female and male. This target group is also described as a group of people who are having for breakfast toast with something on it, such as jam or peanut butter. Another reason targeting young people is that they tend to prefer eating sweet for breakfast. This target group is easier to convince to switch from jam or peanut butter to nutella than people who are not eating toast for breakfast. The target audience, which is a group of people the nutella advertising message is designed at, are parents, but mainly mothers of the target market. The target audience is described as urban and middle to upper middle class families. The mothers of the young children and teenagers are the ones the communication message is aimed at and they are the most influential person in the buying decision. In order to illustrate the importance of the mothers which form the target audience, the Decision Making Unit theory of B2C can be used: Usera target group; schoolchildren at the age between 5 and 14 years, teenagers and college students, males and females. Influencera target audience; mothers who need to be convinced about nutella, who require nutritional information about nutella and who are giving nutella to their children. Influencer can also be opinion leaders such as school teachers, doctors, celebrities, the media etc. Decision makera target audience; the mothers who are deciding what to give to their children for breakfast and therefore they represent the most important target of nutella. Purchaser atarget audience such as mothers who have the financial possibility to buy the product and therefore they are the most important group that needs to be convinced. Additionally, Ferrero UK decided to target mothers who are already giving their children toast for breakfast as these are perceived to be easier to convince to switch to nutella rather than mothers that are not already giving their children toast for breakfast. Due to the fact that sales of nutella in UK are low, compared to other European countries, the target market can be described as new to the product nutella rather than existing customers. Furthermore, the target is neither loyal to the brand nor loyal to a competitor. The target market consists of current users of other spread products for breakfast such as jam, cheese, peanut butter etc. There is actually no comparable competition to nutella ´s hazelnut spread in the UK but there are substitute products on the market, as already mentioned. c. Level of awareness, perception and attitudes towards nutella in UK Despite the worldwide success of nutella, the product suffered from a bad image in the UK, as it can be seen from the diagram above. Most people in the UK, in comparison with the rest of Europe, perceived nutella as a threat and indulgence, especially amongst the mothers. However, in other European countries nutella was perceived as a breakfast ritual and a favourite spread that was also gladly given to children.   The bad consumer perception about nutella was the main reason for the â€Å"Wake up to nutella† campaign. d. Stakeholder context The most important stakeholders of the nutella campaign were: Internal: Staff and management; they needed to be convinced about nutella in order to create a positive word-of-mouth effect to friends and relatives. Furthermore, they were involved in the work of the campaign and therefore they were also responsible for the success of the campaign. The tools of communication with internal stakeholders were face to face meetings, the intranet and newsletters.   Connected: Intermediaries; such as supermarkets that were buying nutella from Ferrero and selling them to the end-user. They needed to be convinced to include nutella into their assortment. The way of communication with intermediaries was direct (face to face), as high involvement decisions between two businesses were involved. External: Media; The media represented an opinion leading function, articles and reports about the campaign and the product itself were published and this has had an high influence on consumer ´s perception about Ferrero/the campaign/nutella. Key ways of communication were a press conference prior campaign launch and regular interviews from the CEO of Ferrero UK about the campaign. Regular interviews assured up-to-date information flow to the customers and increased brand awareness, due to the fact that nutella was mentioned on regular basis in several newspapers and magazines. Customers; most important stakeholders as they are the ones who are buying the product. Ways of communication were the various communication tools that will be mentioned later in this assignment. 2. Communications objectives Research that was undertaken prior the campaign showed that consumers perception about nutella being a treat was based on wrong ingredient information. Many UK customers understood nutella being a chocolate spread and not a hazelnut spread. According to that, the first and most important communication objective of the campaign was to reposition the brand as a hazelnut spread. This implied to better inform the customer about the ingredients. In addition, other communication objectives, using the DAGMAR model as an example (see appendix 2) have been to create brand awareness and brand knowledge but also to increase purchase. To raise awareness and knowledge of nutella was important in order to attract new customers. To increase purchase was crucial in order to gain more new customers and to increase the total revenues of nutella.   Another important communication objective was to change the image of nutella in UK. The main goal was to shift nutella ´s image as unhealthy and a treat towards a positive and healthy hazelnut breakfast spread that is also given to children. Moreover, Ferrero UK aimed to achieve the perception of nutella being an everyday product for children, a good source of energy and a trustworthy product with high quality ingredients. In comparison to communication objectives, marketing objectives are sales-related objectives that are above all measurable, specific, targeted and timed (SMART). (Pickton and Broderick, 2006) Ferrero UK defined its marketing objectives as follows: To increase the volume sales within three years time (up to 40%) To drive nutella ´s household penetration from 7.54% to 10.6% by September 2008 To bring nutella to 765, 000 more households a year To increase market share by 2% Corporate objectives of Ferrero UK were the following: Having its focus on customer relationship which is â€Å"based on knowledge, experience, sensitivity and intuition and a mutual and enduring loyalty† (ferrero.com) Care about social issues, food safety and local communities and its human resources (ferrero.com) To reach market leadership by following the rules of developing innovative products that are fresh and of high quality (ferrero.com) 3. Marketing communications strategy After defining the main target segments and key stakeholders, it was crucial for Ferrero to decide in favour of Push, Pull or Profile strategy. For the â€Å"Wake up to nutella† campaign Ferrero decided in favour of a combination between Push and Pull strategy. The aim of the push strategy was to convince intermediaries to promote and sell nutella in their supermarkets. That means that the communication flows down from Ferrero to the retailer and from the retailer to end user. The push strategy appeared to be reasonable because nutella is a low involvement and impulse buying product and there is currently low brand loyalty towards nutella. The assumption that nutella is a low involvement product comes from the fact that it is a FMCG at a low price ( £1.49). Ferrero also used several communication tools such as advertising and promotion to convince the customer to seek out for nutella and require it from supermarkets (Pull strategy). This strategy was aimed to provide information about the product (e.g. nutella is a hazelnut spread and not chocolate spread) to a wider audience and finally pull nutella from the retailer. For Ferrero it was important to use both strategies because with the push strategy they tried to create a demand and desire for the product (with trade promotions and coupons) and the pull strategy enabled Ferrero to build the nutella brand and inform the people about the product. While the push strategy targeted the supermarkets and was able to boost short-term goals such as impulse purchase, the pull strategy targeted the end user and could focus on long-term results such as building brand awareness and trust. 4. Coordinated promotional mix The â€Å"Wake up to nutella† campaign was aimed to reposition the negative image of nutella in the UK. Ferrero UK decided in favour of using media tools such as Advertising, Sales Promotion, Public Relations and Direct Marketing in order to create synergy. The campaign started with a big TV advertisement with the aim to reach a large audience at relatively low costs. In addition, advertising appeared to be the best tool for raising awareness (see appendix 3). The main communication messages from the TV advertising were: Contains 52 hazelnuts, a glass of skimmed milk and a dash of cocoa (a aim: to inform people about the ingredients and that nutella is a hazelnut cream and not chocolate cream) Good as a part of a balanced breakfast (astrongest message; to use it for breakfast) Not just an occasional treat (aaim: to use nutella as a everyday product) Good source of slow release energy Something I ´d be happy to give my kids (a aim: to show whom nutella is aimed at) Public relations were used to add credibility to the customer about nutella at very low costs but also to reinforce the raising awareness aim (see appendix 3). Public relations consisted of various radio and press adverts. On behalf of nutella nutritionist were writing articles in women magazines about nutella in order to increase the credibility. Additionally, two press adverts were published in women and family magazines across UK to target the target audience (families, especially mother) and the target market (children). Both press adverts had the same message- â€Å"surprisingly Nutella on toast can be good for breakfast†. Sales promotion was used to target the already identified target audience and to support the credibility of the product (See appendix 3). Sales promotion consisted of samplings in Asda, Morrisons, Tesco and Makro stores with the aim to increase trial, represent nutella as a positive brand and boost impulse sales. Various price cuts and Buy one get one free promotionsprior the Back to School period were aimed to increase short-term sales. Direct marketing was aimed to deliver a personal message to the target audience and target market but also provide interaction between Ferrero and its customers. Ferrero created an own website, based on the campaign -This brand website had the goal to inform the target audience about the brand but also to collect individual data by subscribing to receive e-newsletters. The reason for this brand website was also to generate brand awareness (see appendix 3) but also to form brand attitude (Pelsmacker, Geuens, Van den Bergh, 2005). Furthermore, according to Mintel 2009 food manufacturers are increasingly using the medium internet for targeting children. â€Å"Thirty percent of 8-16 year-olds say that they try food or drinks after seeing them online† (Mintel, Children Eating Habits UK, 2009). Ferrero also recognised this opportunity and targeted its main target market with its online campaign. To sum up, it can be said that Ferrero used an Integrated Marketing Communications approach in order to â€Å"provide clarity, consistency and maximum communication impact† (Pelsmacker, Geuens, Van den Bergh, 2005). Furthermore they had one consistent message that was presented by various tools. In addition, it can be said that different tools vary in their effectiveness. Advertising for instance is a good tool for creating awareness but it is not a good tool to increase sales. However, Personal selling can increase sales but it is not recommended for increasing awareness of the product. Ferrero decided in favour of a synergy of different tools in order to meet all of their objectives. 5. Human and Financial Resources The immense â€Å"Wake up to nutella† campaign was the biggest and most expensive campaign Ferrero UK ever experienced. The total costs of the campaign were  £8m whereas the television advertising and the press advert solely accounted for  £4m. These figures appear to be enormous but when comparing the size of the company and the total annual turnover of 170m EUR, marketing expenditures of  £8m appear to be appropriate. Additionally, though the campaign was expensive, it was able to generate a payback of  £1.85 for every  £1 spent. Besides the financial aspect, the human resources are crucial for every successful campaign. Ferrero UK consists of 133 employees working in several departments such as Marketing, Sales, Finance and I.T. Especially for this campaign Marketing Manager Mr. R. Groumdes-Peace required a close collaboration between single departments to exchange ideas and to profit from different know-how. In addition, the company was providing several trainings in order to involve all employees into the campaign. The television campaign and press advertising were created by Krow Communications, a famous London Communication Agency. The reason for choosing an outstanding agency was the lack of marketing expertise for this enormous and challenging campaign. Ferrero UK decided to hire Krow Communications for this campaign, as they were already well-established in the market and had famous clients such as Unilever, Fiat etc. For the Public Relations campaign Ferrero hired various nutritionists that were writing articles on behalf of nutella with the aim to communicate trust and credibility to the consumer. Here again Ferrero relied on the know-how of outstanding experts. The whole work of Ferrero UK consisted of making strategic decisions and finding other agencies that will implement the ideas for the campaign such as to create an interesting and convincing advertising that will fulfil their objectives. Finally, Ferrero UK employed Millward Brown, a research company that undertook the evaluation of the campaign. The whole planning process took around eight months and the campaign had a total duration of one year. 6. Scheduling and Implementation The duration of the â€Å"Wake up to nutella† campaign was one year but it was implemented in three phases (August 2007, December 2007 and December 2008). Ferrero decided in favour of a DRIP approach which means to use the promotional tools to differentiate its product from others, remind customers of the product but more importantly to inform them about the ingredients of the product and finally persuade them to buy nutella. Moreover, expenditure was spread in more than one period, in order to create presence over a longer period of time. 1st phase of repositioning campaign The first phase of the repositioning campaign started on the 27th of August 2007, a few days before the Back to School period and it consisted of one television advertising and two press adverts. In this phase the most important tools were advertising and sales promotion (sampling) due to the objective to increase high awareness amongst schoolchildren and mothers. 2nd phase of repositioning campaign The second phase started in January 2008/February 2008 just before the Pancake Day and consisted of the TV ad and press ads from the 1st phase. The goal with repeating the TV ad and press ads was to remind the customer of nutella as a good occasion to buy for Pancake Day. 3rd phase of repositioning campaign New press adverts and a new improved version of the TV advertisement were launched between September and November 2008. The reason for a new press advert was simply to refresh the whole campaign and the TV advertisement needed to be improved due to a number of complains. The Advertising Standard Authority (ASA) in UK required to change the information from per jar to per portion and to leave the information â€Å"good as part of a balanced breakfast†. Ferrero UK changed the key information from the TV ad into â€Å"A 15g portion contains 2 hazelnuts, skimmed milk and cocoa† and didn ´t mention the balanced breakfast anymore. Furthermore, the push strategy was scheduled prior the pull strategy in order to communicate and convince the supermarkets to include nutella in their assortment. Moreover, Ferrero wanted to convince the supermarkets to support the campaign with sampling promotions in their supermarkets. Because of this reason Ferrero UK firstly concentrated on its push strategy (prior 1st repositioning phase) and then on the pull strategy (1st to 3rd phase). 7. Evaluation and Control Ferrero UK created an immense campaign supported by different promotional tools. During but especially after the â€Å"Wake up to nutella† campaign Ferrero UK has undertaken research to identify if the objectives they have set have been achieved and which of the promotional tools helped the most in achieving these objectives. Millward Brown, one of the world ´s leading research companies was hired by Ferrero to undertake the evaluation of the campaign. According to the findings of Millward Brown, the TV advertisement achieved an Awareness Index of 11 whereas the average index in the UK is 6.

The Power of Superstition Essay -- Informative Essays superstitious

The Power of Superstition A superstition is the belief or practice resulting from ignorance, fear of the unknown, trust in magic or chance, or a false conception of causation. Superstition is also an irrational abject attitude of mind toward the supernatural, nature, or God or a notion maintained despite evidence to the contrary (Merriam-Webster). Superstitions are the most common relic of the past handed down from the ages. When & where did superstition come from? There is an abundance of superstitions to date. Basic superstitions can be broken down into three broad categories: Predictive, Causative and Conversion. Predictive superstitions are when people believe that a particular superstition will predict an oncoming event. Causative superstitions are based on someone actually doing something to make something bad happen. Conversion superstitions generally combine predictive and causative superstitions (Lechniak). There are many aspects of the wedding superstition. Weddings superstitions are some of the most commonly practiced. A few aspects of wedding superstition are...

Cold War Essay -- essays research papers

War is normally associated with destruction and death to end a conflict or some sort of disagreement but that is not always the case. After World War II the United States and the Soviet Union began a war that would span decades yet there would be no direct battle between the two nations. This time is called the Cold war because of its lack of battle between just the two nations. Even though it was never the soviets verse the Americans the Soviets often fought the Americans. What could have went so horribly wrong that two nations who at one point were fighting on the same side can suddenly disagree so violently that they aid others to fight each other? The reasons are many and in-depth but it all started at the end of World war II. When the smoke cleared after the last battle of World War II two powers arose. One a democratic society the other a socialistic society neither wanting one to be better than the other. Central Europe, mainly Germany, was the center of the disturbance at the end of the war. The reason that Germany became such a volatile area is because the Soviets controlled one half while the Allies controlled the other and neither was willing to cooperate with the other. As Germany was being divided most of the other European countries were suffering and in need of aid. The United States gave as much aid as they could but there was no possible way to relieve everyone. All over south eastern Europe Communist and socialist parties were rising and gaining power blam...

Science Toy :: essays research papers

My toy, is a toy car that bounces and also drives forward and in reverse. It is called â€Å"Hop-Along-Impala†. I built it by taking a toy car that I owned, which already hopped in front and back by using a series of toothed gears connected to a motor. Then I went and bought another motor so I could make the car go forward and hop and go in reverse and not hop. I first took a pair of wire cutters and cut off a piece of plastic attached to the rear wheels so it would disable them from bouncing. Then I took a hot glue gun and glued the piece of plastic, that I previously cut off, on so that the wheels would remain level. Then I glued the motor that I attached to the other motor and glued it close to the tire so that it would make contact so that the wheel would turn.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When I push the button on the remote up the car moves forward because when I push it, it completes a circuit so electrons can flow, thus sending power to the motors in the car. That is how power gets from the batteries to the motors in the car. But how does a battery work? A battery has a negative electrode and a positive electrode. An electrolyte paste separates the two electrodes and causes a chemical reaction between them. This reaction causes a current to flow and electrons move through a conductor that connects the positive and negative electrodes.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When the power get to the motors, they convert the electrical energy into mechanical energy. Inside the motors a current is passed through the armature and a torque is made by a magnetic reaction, and the armature spins. The action of the commutator and the connections of the field coils of motors are the same as those used for generators. The revolution of the armature induces a voltage in the armature windings. This induced voltage is opposite in direction to the outside voltage applied to the armature, and thus is called back voltage or counter electromotive force.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When the car is bounced up onto the air, it falls down because of gravity. Gravity is the force that everything on earth possesses and it tends to draw objects closer to one another. Gravity is one of the four fundamental forces of nature. Unlike electromagnetism, gravity doesn’t have repulsive

Hot Coffee Reaction Paper Essay

After watching the documentary â€Å"Hot Coffee,† I realized that it greatly explained how one incident started a domino effect that shook up the way Government protects big business forever. I strongly believe that Tort reform was meant to back big business and take away the rights of Americans who are wronged by these corporations. From a sociologist standpoint I can especially see the concerns of a conflict theorist because this is capitalism at its best. When Stella Liebeck sued McDonalds for a cup of hot coffee that she spilled on herself, a lot of people originally viewed the situation as a joke and as a plan for someone to get rich quick. Before watching the documentary I had no knowledge of the incident and thought it sounded like a case of lawsuit abuse. Soon after watching, I saw the negligence of McDonalds by not monitoring the temperature of the coffee and the major damage done to Stella’s skin. The medical bills were major and she deserved not only compensation for medical bills but punitive damages as well. She was awarded 160,000 dollars in damages and 2.7 million in punitive damages (eventually reduced to 480,000). After such an infamous case, it opened the floodgates for other Americans to go after businesses that had wronged them. In a case for Stella, the lawsuit was justified, but there were cases across the country were lawsuits were filed and many were trying to â€Å"get rich quick.† Sure it is a controversial situation but Tort Reform was used a defense mechanism for big business. Companies like tobacco corporations for example, were actually behind lawsuit abuse groups trying to help spark tort reform to favor them. They had all the money to back political campaigns for  nominees that would favor tort reform. This I believe is a matter of capitalism because the rich are investing in themselves and are literally fixing campaigns by funding whomever they believe look after their best interest. As another example, The Chamber of Commerce are a committee assembled of big business corporations who fund political campaigns for nominees who back their political views and invest in their well being instead of the nation as a whole. In other words, the rich want their nominees to win in order to protect their investments, therefore they all band together to achieve this goal. George W. Bush was definitely a beneficiary of highly funded campaigns and it showed. During his presidential campaign he was lobbying for Tort Reform and that meant capping punitive damages. There are cases where this cap hurts the people who are wronged from businesses that have wronged them. In the documentary the case of Colin Gourley strongly was affected by tort reform. Lisa Gourley gave birth to twins and during her pregnancy was constantly misdiagnosed and improperly observed. Because of the neglect of her doctor, one of the twins, Colin, was born with brain damage and would require therapy and special healthcare for the remainder of his life. She was constantly uneasy with the progress of her pregnancy but was always reassured by her doctor. Because of negligence, Lisa Gourley was awarded 5.6 million dollars in a lawsuit. However, due to the law in Nebraska, it was reduced to 1.6 million. This is a prime example of a system that failed a family due to tort reform. Ultimately this documentary opened my eyes to the many capitalist ways we operate as a country. This most definitely identifies with conflict theory. It is understood that this country is ran and protected by the wealthy. There are ways for things to change but this documentary demonstrates where our challenges lie.

Controversy before the Civil War Essay

During the expansion westward of United States, controversy between the Northern and the Southern States quickly arose. This was primarily due to the disagreement of what these new western territories would become- free or slave states. The Southern States wanted these new territories to support slavery so they could send more pro-slavery senators/ representatives to Congress, which was the opposite for the Northern States. Many important events from 1845-1861 quickly led to the start of the Civil War due to these Northern and Southern disputes. When the U.S. finally claimed more land after the Mexican War, the Southern and Northern States slowly began to move farther apart. Even though Northern congressmen supported the Wilmot Proviso, which banned slavery in all new Western territories, the Southern congressmen completely disagreed and went against it. The Compromise of 1850 was set to hopefully smooth these disputes over by supporting the idea of popular sovereignty, western lands having the right to determine by themselves whether they would be free or slave states. The Free-Soil Party also had a big impact. They opposed slavery’s expansion in the Western territories in the late 1840s and early 1850s. The Kansas-Nebraska Act and Dred Scott Case (1857) decision highlighted the slavery disagreement and caused even more problems between the Northern and Southern States, pushing the U.S. even closer to the Civil War. The Kansas-Nebraska Act, passed in 1854 as a small compromise, enforced popular sovereignty in Kansas and Nebraska, creating disagreements over whether these territories would choose to become free or slave states. The Kansas-Nebraska Act even created tensions over the overturned Missouri Compromise of 1820, which had held the nation together by allowing slavery north of the already created line. In result, pro-slavery and anti-slavery groups flooded Kansas and battled in the â€Å"Bleeding Kansas† conflict over whether the territory would become a free or slave state. The expansion westward was a big step for the United States, and it sparked a huge controversy between the Northern and Southern States. Southerners wanted these new territories to support slavery, so they could have more senators/representatives in congress, whereas the North wanted the new territories to reject slavery. Important events such as the Wilmot Proviso, Compromise of 1850, Popular Sovereignty, Dred Scott Case, Kansas/Nebraska Act, and Free Soilers all quickly sparked disputes between the North and the South during the years 1845-1861 prior to the Civil War.

Paper on Bsp

Information Technology Management IT600-1204A-02 Dr. D. Lance Revenaugh By Licia Felton Business System Planning The Business Systems Planning (BSP) Approach was developed by IBM, a proprietary technique devised initially for IBM internal use. It was later sold for customer use in the mid-1970s. Business Systems Planning was one of the first information system planning methods and is now one of the most commonly recognized. â€Å"This approach concentrates on a firm’s data resources and strives to develop an information architecture that supports a coordinated view of the data needs of the firm’s major systems.The BSP process identifies the key activities of the firm and the systems and data that support these activities. The data is arranged in classes, and a method is developed to relate data classes to the firm’s activities and its information systems. † (Frenzel, 2004) BSP offers a structured approach to IS planning in numerous defined stages that lead from the identification of business processes, to a definition of required data structures. Data is then followed as they flow throughout the organization by the business activity support or from which they result.The BSP methodology consists of four major activities, documenting the business activities, defining the business processes, defining the data necessary to support the business processes, and defining the information architecture. â€Å"BSP, in addition to its value for IS planning, also made two other important intellectual contributions: It helped introduce the process view of the firm. The popular Business Process Re-engineering of the 1990s was built on this concept. It pointed out the need to de-couple the data from the applications that use these data, i. e. , data independence.This supported the database approach to systems development. † (Dubey, 2011) What should Information technology (IT) management professionals understand about the BSP approach? BSP stu dy requires the diversion of staff and other scarce resources from more immediate tasks. Therefore, it is important to gain top management commitment and involvement. This support is needed not only to get things started but also to measure adherence to the plans. Discipline and constraints are imposed by BSP on managers and high-level business executives, who often view these constraints as counter-productive to their short-term interests.This is why top management support is critical for the BSP study. The BSP approach can be a very useful tool for communicating with users. It helps to articulate major information system segments to define the overall architecture. â€Å"However, this approach needed further help from other planning methods to make it also peep into the possible opportunities and competition. This approach also has its limitations. It is too internal focused and does not take into account extended enterprises needs and creativity. In addition, BSP is very compreh ensive, time-consuming and expensive. (Dubey, 2011) In conclusion, the Business Systems Planning (BSP) Approach was developed by IBM, a proprietary technique devised initially for IBM internal use. It was later sold for customer use in the mid-1970s. The BSP methodology consists of four major activities, documenting the business activities, defining the business processes, defining the data necessary to support the business processes, and defining the information architecture. The BSP approach can be a very useful tool for communicating with users.It helps to articulate major information system segments to define the overall architecture. It also has its limitations. The approach is very comprehensive, time-consuming and expensive. References: Frenzel, C. W. , & Frenzel, J. C. (2004). Management of Information Technology. 4th Edition, Boston, MA: Course Technology. Colorado Technical University. Information Management. Live Chat 10/10/12. Dubey, Shankar Sanjiva. (2011). IT Strategy and Management. 2nd Edition. Pages 38-39. | | | | | | | | | | | [pic][pic]

How To Motivate Students Education Essay

What is physical instruction? What do people presents know about the importance of wellness fittingness? Physical instruction is a class taken in primary and secondary instruction which involves physically learning and psychomotor acquisition. People presents take everything for granted ; they take their ain wellness for granted. They do n't truly care about fittingness and psychomotor acquisition. This is why physical instruction non treated earnestly in every educational institute. Based on some researches, there is a study has been conducted by â€Å" Singapore athleticss council in 2001 shows that most of the pupils does non exert on a regular basis. † Besides, there is another study on the new consumption of 800 pupils conducted in ITE East ( Yishun ) in 2001 showed that up to 94 % did non like PE and ne'er exercised on a regular basis. ( adapted from â€Å" advanced ways in actuating pupils in physical instruction class- HUSSAIN KADIR ( SH/PE/YS ) TAN MENG HUAY ( SH/PE/MP ) ) . Our instruction system is concentrates more on faculty members alternatively on pupils ‘ physical development. Schools in Malaysia instead to state neglected the importance of physical instruction. Based on the timetable in every school, physical instruction category seems likely to be one time a hebdomad and 40 proceedingss. Students get demotivated and lost their involvement in physical instruction category. Based on a instructor who mentioned that â€Å" Peoples did, and possibly still do, believe of physical instruction as recess clip, † said Shelley Randall, a P.E. instructor at Obsidian Middle School and a member of the Oregon Department of Education commission developing the criterions. ( Adapted from Taylor, Ted. ( December 4, 2000 ) . The Bulletin. Bend, Oregon. ) . This shows that people still in their conservative ‘s head which academic ways excessively of import than anything else that they neglected that physical instruction plays an of import function in academic as good. Harmonizing to an article, Judith Young, executive manager of the National Association of Sports and Physical Education, said she was n't certain P.E. of all time had a major academic function. â€Å" But honestly, we are seeing a demand for it now because our life styles are acquiring progressively sedentary, † she said, mentioning many immature people who would instead play a football game on a computing machine than travel outside and toss the pigskin around with friends. ( Adapted from Taylor, Ted. ( December 4, 2000 ) . The Bulletin. Bend, Oregon. ) . These are the groundss show that physical instruction was n't truly treated earnestly in school that is why demotivates pupils in their physical instruction category.Why pupils were n't interested in physica l instruction ‘s category?The whole worldwide is promoting that in reinforce the instruction system by stress the importance in physical instruction. As we know that physical instruction non merely merely helps to better wellness but accomplishment development, which allows for gratifying engagement in any physical activities in a proper appropriate techniques. But, why pupils presents were n't interested in physical instruction category? Many factor either from internal or external bring immense impacts on the school childs ‘ involvement in school. First, the school plays an of import function in taking attention of pupils ‘ academic public presentations. The school concerns their pupils ‘ academic public presentations and their school good built repute. This is the ground how the school pushes the pupils and instructors so hard to keep their public presentations in such a nerve-racking state of affairs. The category timetable consisted 9 periods a twenty-four hours, and each period is 40 proceedingss. Apparently, the whole twenty-four hours in school was sedentary activities alternatively of holding any physical activities. Students were all twenty-four hours packed with talks in category and stuck on the chair about half a twenty-four hours non-stop. The lone thing they will travel their organic structure is when they have to go to to the washroom or their 20 proceedingss recess times which they w ill merely sit and eat. Initially, school cut down the physical instruction category into 2 periods one time in a hebdomad for each category. Basically, one time a hebdomad the pupils have their physical instruction category or the full one and a half hours. The clip agendas for physical instruction is merely unjust, either they arranges the category to after recess clip or 2 periods before the school terminal. In the forenoon session, some physical instruction category arranges after deferral clip or in the center of 3rd or 4th period right before the deferral clip. This uneven timing discourage pupils ‘ involvement in participate themselves in the category. Students need times to acquire alteration and took up half of the clip that affected the instruction procedure in the category. Besides, some instructor who might took up the excess times after the bell rang, and this is one of the issues that affected the physical instruction category. Therefore, pupils have deficient clip to acquire alteration and gather at the gym or school field. P.E instructor ever faces this sort of jobs, deficient times to complete her learning course of study. Plus, pupils hates to acquire alteration once more and once more for that one hr plus. They think it was truly troublesome particularly for misss. Students need to wait in a long line to acquire alter back to pinafore under the sweaty, uncomfortable state of affairs. Girls particularly who have menses job will seek their really best to avoid participate in P.E category. School ‘s environment besides is an issue in detering pupils participates in P.E category. The school environment such as the washrooms, the location for P.E category, and so on. School that have deficient washrooms may impact the pupils larning temper and enthusiastic in larning. If the washroom is excessively little or deficient, pupils face jobs in waiting in a long line to acquire alteration. Possibly there are 20-25 misss in a category and they might necessitate some times to acquire alteration and delay in a line. This will impact the clip direction in P.E category, and the whole instruction process. Besides, if the washroom ‘s status was unhygienic is such a bend off for pupils to travel in and alter into their P.E suits. Students will happen alibis such as left their suits at place, or non experiencing good merely to avoid acquire alteration and fall in the category. Furthermore, some school does n't possess with full equipment such as broad field, equipment room, basic games ‘ tribunals. Students and instructor ever cracks their caput looking for topographic points to hold their category. Students will experience tired and demotivated and acquire bored easy. Incomplete equipment such as insufficient of balls and so on might impact the instruction activities and pupils will acquire distracted because have to wait for their bend to play the game. Next, the instructor and pupils ‘ parents think that physical instruction was n't a existent topic. But, the fact is critical. On the school field, there are 30 over pupils environing their P.E instructor. But, when the instructor carries out an activity with the pupils the responds from the pupils are so direct and clear that whether they are basking the category. We can see that there are a batch of childs standing about and socialising or waiting in line or watching other kids play. This proves that the basic lesson program was n't truly good prepared. Besides, experts have determined what ‘s incorrect is that in most schools, the P.E. instructors are undertrained. In my sentiment, I doubted that Malaysia do hold sufficient trained P.E instructors. Malaysia ‘s schools system considered instead uneven, they merely offer the P.E category to some instructors who are non trained in this field. So, is truly common that mathematics teacher or possibly English instructo r who are learning P.E every bit good. Those untrained instructor decidedly conducted the category by utilizing the text edition and ball games were n't truly learning the correct and accurate techniques and accomplishments to the pupils. That is why lesson program was n't truly good planned and prepared, and state of affairs such as pupils rolling about, socialising with one another, instead stares at the grass, deficiency of involvement in take parting in the category occurs. The chief ground is the category is tiring and non good managed. Parents on the other manus, who thinks faculty members are extremely of import that determined their kids ‘s hereafter. In fact, when a existent trained P.E instructor was carry oning the category parents should come in and see that there ‘s existent direction traveling on. Quality physical instruction is non roll out the ball and drama. Parents ever thinks that eat healthier will better wellness. Although they knows that exercising on a regular basis is the best manner to maintain healthy and fitness, deep down in their head was that such a waste of clip for their childs to run along and turn over with the balls. Physical instruction non merely educates pupils but parents every bit good. Harmonizing to Welscher from Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, â€Å" They need to cognize that what it ‘s traveling to learn is things that are traveling to do them unrecorded longer, a whole batch happier, protect them from a batch of negative behaviours, better their mental wellness and this is at least every bit of import as many of the other topics. † Parents should hold encourages their kids take part in P.E category. As a parent, it is of import for them to keep engagement in kids ‘s instruction so that can guarantee he or she attains the cognition, accomplishments and attitudes necessary to take a healthy, active and productive life.How to actuate pupils to take portion in physical instruction ‘s category?There are few tips that show that benefits in taking portion in physical activities, such as it helps to better wellness. Regular exercisings helps to go around our blood circulation and our articulations wo n't turn to rusty. It helps to forestall bosom diseases, counteracts with the hazard in fleshiness, diseases, inaction and high blood pressure. With 20 proceedingss walk can assist to go around the blood circulation around our bosom and heighten the map of our bosom in healthy status. Obesity and high blood pressure c an forestall with 30 proceedingss jogs. After some physical activities, it helps to review a individual ‘s head. After discoursing the benefits of regular physical activity and all the factors that demotivated pupils take parting in P.E category, there are ways in motivates them in the category. How to promote and actuate pupils take portion in their P.E category? There are many ways in motivate pupils take portion in the category. Of class we opted for long term solutions alternatively of short term solutions. Short term solutions such as payoffs the pupils by utilizing extravaganza ‘s awards or possibly hard currencies to tempt the pupils in taking portion in the category. This will ne'er work out. They are temporally attracted pupils for a short clip and the aims will ne'er accomplish. The school, instructors, pupils and parents have the duty to get the better of this job. The school should seek to see this as serious affair by non merely stress in academic public presentation. School should hold tried to work out some plans to promote pupils take portion in physical instruction category. They should hold planned to hold their athleticss twenty-four hours during the weekdays as attending is mandatory. Many schools usually have their athleticss twenty-four hours during weekend. Weekends supposed to be non school twenty-four hours, this is the chief ground that pupils will ne'er turned up and shows the enterprise to take part in any athleticss plans. Even the instructors were deficiency of motive to carry on the event or activity in a proper mode. In my sentiment, the school should form some athleticss plans or activities for the whole hebdomad. In the whole hebdomad, half of the twenty-four hours pupils are occupied with all kinds of plans. Such as interclass games competition, some in charge of holding healthy and fitness mini seminar. The school can ask for professionals to give negotiations or seminars to the pupils. This whole physical instruction hebdomad should form systematically, is meaningful and instruction intents. Besides, pupils felt bored in P.E category is because of the instructor is untrained and was n't specialized in this field. This may do confusion to the pupils. The best thing that can make is, have the instructors attend the workshop in physical instruction. A productive and knowing instructor is a successful pedagogue. Teacher who are specialized or non in this field should educate themselves more in this field, they should fix themselves in any state of affairs such as learning the topic that they may non familiar with. Teacher should fix interesting lesson program and activities in order to allow larning come on takes topographic point. Teacher should be willing to larn and derive more Cognition: As a physical instruction teacher have to larn about new activities and games, and use them into their lesson programs. P.E instructors should larn new games and convey them into category. By conveying in new games it will non merely broaden pupils ‘ cognition of new accomplishment s, but they will besides hold merriment larning new and different accomplishments. The instructor ‘s attitude is besides really of import in learning. Teacher should cognize how to manage schoolroom direction so that pupils will esteem he/her and take things earnestly in physical instruction. Teachers should ever possesses with positives attitude, ever promote pupils, ne'er give up easy, and should act upon the pupils in what is meant to be good for them. The most of import thing is acquire to cognize them, understand them, and acquire to cognize what their demands are. Caring is ever the most effectual ways in learning advancement. Following, parents and schools bond with each other in an indirect manner. Parents play an of import function in this issue. Most of the parents thought that P.E category is such a waste of clip, and a load to a kid for conveying excess apparels to school. Most parents have irrational ideas such as, a batch of wash to make if conveying excess P.E suits and so on. Parents should hold promote their kids how of import P.E is and should take part to the full in the category. Besides, parents should frequently exposed P.E activity to their kids since immature or day-to-day. It is a necessity to expose physical activity to kids daily so that they will maintain it as a wont. While the school environment besides of import in work outing this job. School should concern and take this earnestly in bettering the installations in school. Such as, the athletics ‘s field, the equipment room and etc. Particularly the field, school authorization should take attention of the field as in trim the grass or repair the holes on the land. This can cut down the hazard of hurt among the pupils. With a good cared field, pupils will love the field and willing to stretch their articulations in any conditions. The equipment room should ever updates. Balls particularly ever a job for every school, deficient sums of balls ever create mayhem in P.E category. The school individual in charge should look into the staying stocks systematically. Replace those equipments which are disfunctions with new, add in better equipment in order to heighten the quality in learning. The school environment such as renovates the lavatory into broad infinite for pupils able to acquire alterat ion or built in athleticss shower room for pupils to take a shower before they continue their following category. Besides, authorities should take this earnestly as in advancing how of import P.E is and encourages the society starts to concentrate in P.E activity. The authorities should advance scholarship strategies or better offer in athleticss academy for every pupil who contributes in athleticss or P.E category. The authorities should promote each school to hold a certified certifications to demo properties to all the pupils who did good in their P.E category. This will promote and motivates the P.E civilization in Malaysia shortly. â€Å" The best P.E. category and plan will maintain pupils in head that this cognition can last for a life-time. † ( Adapted from article: I hate P.E )

Role of propaganda on DMZ Graphics Novels Research Paper

Role of propaganda on DMZ Graphics Novels - Research Paper Example However, DMZ is not about Iraq or Afghanistan, but the Manhattan Island (New York City) which is the continental United States while New Jersey and Inland is the Free States of America and the two sides are regarded as the frontlines of American second civil war. In reality, the novel is a comic since Matty Roth does not encounter any guerilla forces or any helicopter attacks. Matty accompanies a veteran journalist to the warfront in order to cover news of the war and soon their helicopter is shot down. Matty is the only survivor and starts writing news, but his reporting is not objective. Matty is not a qualified journalist and is not capable of reporting stories without bias and remaining objective since he advances partisan interests of the Continental American forces and portrays Iraq as evil. The reporting is not accurate, fair and credible since Matty does not provide the details of the sources of his news information and the other perspectives of the war according to the enemy (Kamalipour 20). The reporting is not governed by public interest or truthfulness since the entire information is inaccurate and not about the war in Iraq, but New York City (NYC) which is viewed as the battlefield of America’s second civil war. Matty is one of the best characters and is reporting is full of biasness and propaganda since Matty he does not personally witness any rooftops with phrases like ‘HELP’ or building towers engulfed in fire and smoke (Wood 19). Matty is not impartial since his reporting depicts the Free States as evil and providers undue coverage on the snipers. Matty does not attribute the news stories to their sources, but just provides certain titles of military commanders and fails to conduct private inquiries in order to determine the authenticity of the news (Chomsky 152). Concisely, Matty exaggerates the real struggles of American population such as the economic conditions, the

Supply and Demand Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Supply and Demand - Essay Example As such, if the price change leads to an equal change in commodity demanded then that results to a uni elastic demand (Ferguson, 1972) Elastic demand refers to the demand for which the price elasticity is greater than 1. As such, if the demand elasticity is greater than 1 it means that the percent change in quantity is much higher than the percent change in price. Unit elastic demand occurs if the quantity demanded is directly proportional to the price change meaning the coefficient of elasticity is equal to 1. While inelastic demand, occurs when elasticity coefficient is less than 1. This implies that the percentage change in the amount of quantity is less than the price change. Cross price elasticity of demand is the rate of change the quantity required due to the price change of the other commodity (Gillespie, 2007). As such, when two good are substitutes, consumers tend to purchase more of one good due to increase in the other substitute. Similarly, for complementary commodities, price increase in a commodity causes a reduced demand for all goods. Moreover, cross elasticity of demand points out the sensitivity of a particular commodity to price change. For a normal good, increase in income results in an increase in the demand. This is seen as the coefficient of elasticity of N>0 (Ferguson, 1972).For an inferior, an increase in price leads to a decrease in demand. In this case, the coefficient of elasticity is N1. Notably, a superior good exhibits the same coefficient of elasticity similar to normal good. Demand

System Change Request Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

System Change Request - Essay Example The program will ensure that the system operate efficiently and provide quality services to customers. Ideally, the system will enhance delivery of services in the accounting department that is charged with the responsibility to administer cash transactions (Stair & Reynolds, 2010). Change request is significant for transformation management process since it sets appropriate signaling elements that report evident defects and operating gaps that may compromise quality in service delivery. Imperatively, change request emanate from the problem reports that are presented by users or signaling software’s. This is evident at Hill school where the change process of the billing system emanated from the user. The management was concerned on the operating capacity of the existing system and its efficiency. As stated, the school is in need of a system that is integrated with strong control software’s, effective and upholds high security standard to enhance the processing of the va st amount of data that they hold. Elements of the change process include customer ID, the change type, indication of the requirement or optional nature of the change process and change abstract. ... The emergency request seeks for contingency measures that may not need comprehensive planning. The main aim of the stage is to restore the operations of the system. Sensitive request is another priority stage that deals with identification of essential processes that the system cannot operate without. This ensures that the central elements in a system are well integrated to eradicate inferior execution of activities. System document request SDR from the users is another significant process in identifying the need for change within the operating system. This element states that system users have a crucial role in ensuring effective functionality of the infrastructural set up that they administer. Change request also originate from the events in the development of the system (Stair & Reynolds, 2010). That is the complications that are encountered at the time of implementation may lead to change of strategy during the integration process to facilitate quality in service delivery. Normal request is the last stage that deals with the implementation of ordinary needs. These are the needs that facilitate the effectiveness of the system. Evidently, Hillside school should integrate the new billing system in consideration to SCR priority based procedure. This is to enhance the functionality of the infrastructure by establishing and providing timely solutions to the evident problems presented by the users. Justification Change request is a credible project administration process that advances workflow and effectiveness of service delivery. The approach ensures superior operation of the infrastructural set ups that institutions use to coordinate activities through detailed identification and reporting of defects. This is critical since the

Rhetorical Analyses Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Rhetorical Analyses - Essay Example many underage girls) and (pressured to be skinny), which are obviously derived from personal beliefs that she garners, as well as that of society’s on the whole. Featherstone eventually evaluates magazines such as Blue Jean, Teen Voices, Hues and Reluctant Hero that are certified to provide far more fruitful and substantial content. Featherstone seeks for the ‘realness’ in these magazines that play in the minds of young juvenile minds but does not find any, thus resorting to a bit sullen but far sophisticated magazines on the shelves. The author’s arguments clearly indicates her preferences for the teen girls’ reading materials through the provision of examples and citing relevant support from identified slogans, celebrities, and choice of feature articles that were believed to evoke the readers’ emotional response. Featherstone contends for a woman who has her own voice over that which is lent. Her liking toward magazines such as Blue Jean is reason enough to understand that she shoots over the voices of ‘women activists’ whom she considers to be quite a rage for the propaganda of these magazines. On reading further about TEEN VOICES she voices her concerns about the delicate nature of the age and the need for advice regarding ‘Teen Pregnancies’ and ‘body mutilations’ which are common occurrences in society. She pleas the nubile Teens to look further than ones external appearances; to climb out of their fashion closets and discover a more meaningful world. Her choice of vocabulary is pretty strong and goes from easy-to-read to difficult-to-comprehend-the-context, and has a rather defying logical order. This is definitely an appeal to ‘logos’, to derive the right emotion through channelizing the content into a definite lopsided argument. For example; a paragraph describing Blue Jean, for instance, begins with a logical description of the magazine which was confusing the reader on what really was the message about. Featherstone

Case Study on Boeing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Case Study on Boeing - Essay Example 1. Boeing Corporation's forwarding looking market strategy is based on assumptions about the air travel market and the equipment (aircraft) needed for continued growth. Boeing's projections assume that the current fleet of aircraft will need to be upgraded and retained or replaced. The current fleet consists of 17,330 aircraft. By 2025 the fleet will have an estimated 35,970 aircraft consisting of 27,210 new or replacement aircraft, and 8,760 retained aircraft. Future growth and the need for replacement aircraft will drive the aircraft industry's competitive market (Showronski, p1). Boeing will need to be able to provide new aircraft that are both efficient and economical. Boeing's new large aircraft segment is marketing both one and two aisle airplanes with the focus on the new 747-8 Intercontinental and 747-8 Freighter aircraft. This is in contrast with Boeings 'point to point' strategy that focuses on smaller aircraft that serve the purpose of moving people and cargo from one poin t to another rather than to a central location where cargo and passengers would deplane and board a smaller plane to reach their destination (hub and spoke strategy). Boeing's successful market entry of their 747-8 Freighter and 747-8 Intercontinental aircraft prove that Boeing can compete in the larger aircraft market. Boeing's first customer was Lufthansa who ordered 20 of Boeing's 747-8 Intercontinentals (Showronski, p1). Boeing's success, using the 'point to point' method of getting passengers to their destinations, is based upon the idea that passengers prefer the shorter travel times that 'point to point' service offers. Boeing offers the airline industry aircraft that are best suited to 'point to point' travel. These aircraft are typically larger than those used in the in the typical 'point to point' market. Boeing's current strategy includes gaining a large portion of the projected 2.6 trillion in airplane investment opportunities over the next twenty years (Showronski, p1). Boeing's leadership believes that by entering the large airplane sales and service market they are positioning themselves to be leaders in the industry by providing an aircraft that will best meet the needs of customers. Boeing's current strategy also includes continued sales and service of five other sizes of aircraft to serve the 'point to point' market. It is hoped that carriers will continue to choose Boeing aircraft as aircraft of choice for their business. Boeing's five sizes of aircraft are designed to meet all aspects of the 'point to point' market with carriers that have 200 seats up to carriers that seat 467 passengers. Currently Boeing is the only one in its industry with an airplane that can carry more than 450 passengers at a time (Point-to-Point, 2006). The 747-8 is used primarily by carriers that offe r long range high density routes (Point-to-Point, 2006). The 747-8 is designed to be a replacement for older 747's that will be phased out of service during the next twenty years (Point-to-Point, 2006). With Boeing's entry into the large carrier market came requests for an airplane that was environmentally friendlier than its previous airplanes. The 747-8 was created with environmentally friendly features. The 747-8 uses less fuel and "produces lower carbon dioxide emissions" (Point-to-Point, p2). Also, the 747-8 makes 30% less noise on take-offs (Point-to-Point). Because Boeing

Preliminary Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Preliminary Analysis - Essay Example n which recorded sounds could be listened to by this time before the invention of other modern and finally digital technologies that are currently used. Even though this device was used in the late 1970s as well as in the early 1980s, it traces its invention to the early years. The idea of the phonograph was first seen in the year 1857 when the scholar (Noll, 12). Edouard-Leon Scott who invented the phonoautographs. However, it is important to note that this technology was very limited during this time and hence was not exploited appropriately. It is important to note that this product could only create the visual images of sound (Noll, 12). It is therefore important to note that the idea of phonographs originated as early as a century but was not exploited due to limitations in the technology until the year 1877. The principle of recording and reproducing sound using this technology was however first demonstrated in the year 1877 by Edison Thomas (Bellies). It is this time that the scholar demonstrated first phonograph in the world. The first invention that was developed by Edison was done while he was experimenting while working with a telegraph transmitter. During the time Edison was looking at the telegraphs with an intention of improving its efficiency, he realized that there was. He was interested in the noise that the tape produced since the tape produced some noise that resembles that of a spoken word. He therefore argued that in case he played it at a little bit high speed it may produce even higher and better sounds (Bellies). Through the several experiments that he conducted, he realized that it was possible to read as well as record sounds using the telephone diaphragm ad hence he unleashed what had been difficult for many scientist to understand for over very long time. Since this was the first instrument that could capture and record the sounds during this time, Edison actually became an international figure. Phonograph was identified s the

Social psychology (within a school setting) Essay

Social psychology (within a school setting) - Essay Example Behaviorism argued that a subject matter of psychology must be firmly grounded in observed human behavior rather than in unobservable mental constructs. This approach suggested completely new theoretical structures and empirical approaches. Thus at a time it seemed that the majority of social psychologists were behaviorists, which asserts that human behavior can be understood in terms of stimulus response relationship without necessarily referring to underlying mental state. Then Gestalt inspired group dynamics (MCGARTY, 1997:1-15). He claimed that social environment is not only made up of things but of relations bettering things, Thus Gestalt's tradition promoted a concern with groups as real social entities. Another trend 'Attitude Change' came in vogue with the end of World War II. The third major Trend that was occurring in 1960s, with the breakdown of the dominance of attitude concept, was the rise of 'Attribution theory'. The ground work of this theory was laid by Heider's book, 1958 "The Psychology of Interpersonal Relation" during 1970s and became the most dominant concern in social psychology. Cognitive Dissonance (McGarty, 1997:20-26): According to Festinger, theory of Cognitive Dissonance is a deft blend of motivational and cognitive constructs. Cognitive dissonance is a type of psychological discomfort, produced by having attitudes in consistent with behavior, which creates pressure to change those attitudes. When a teacher has to mould or change children's attitude, most of the occasions, reward and punishment is applied but the previous notorious behavior is seen to be repeated in some other social context or situation. The application of cognitive dissonance theory can bring stability and positivism when applied for a purpose of attitude change. Freedman in 1965 conducted an experiment "forbidden toy" of Aronson and Garlsmith regarding the permanence of dissonance induced opinion change. Its utility in school setting is thus: If the children become aggressive when punished for touching forbidden things then dissonance should be generated in them through mild threat for that thing. So this cognitive dissonance generated in them makes the forbidden item less attractive. This mild threat will bring in them self persuasion which will lead to neutral attitude for that thing. (MCGARTY, 1997:20-26) Self-Perception VS. Cognitive Dissonance (Bem 1972:1-62) : Self-perception theory differs from cognitive dissonance theory in that it does not hold that people experience a "negative drive state called "dissonance" which they seek to relieve. Instead, people simply infer their attitudes from their own behavior in the same way that an outside observer might. Self-perception theory is a special case of attribution theory. Attribution Theory (Heider, 1958): This theory is concerned with the ways in which people explain (or

Radiation Therapy Essay Example for Free

Radiation Therapy Essay ABSTRACT:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Radiation Therapy now enjoys its position as a therapeutic and an adjuvant therapy among the cancer patients and cases. The use of radiotherapy is a very serious decision which is taken after much thought about the patient’s case and requires much cooperation from the patient and support from the oncology team that provides it. Current oncology teams work together to create an environment which is both friendly for the patient as well as less confusing, so that the patient is able to go through the phase of treatment with out any complications. Each person in the radiology team takes care of a particular aspect of radiotherapy treatment, and together they ensure a good outcome and result for the patient. THE ROLE OF RADIATION THERAPY IN CANCER MANAGEMENT   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Of the many methods used in today’s cancer treatment regimes, radiation therapy has become one of the crucial components of the therapy. The therapy where radiation rays are used to destroy cancer cells has now become an advanced field of research and development. This area has now become a separate area of specialization, and various developments are helping doctors give better prognosis to their patients. Due to minimized anxiety attacks   among patients, they become more optimistic about recovery and are less distressed on the possibility of death. Patients of this kind of therapy have better psychological health and have less depressive symptoms caused by their disease.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Radiation therapy is not required to all cancer patients. It is not always involved in the management of all organs and body sites affected by cancer cells. This treatment is only recommended on certain types of cancer as other situations only call for surgical procedures in preventing further cancer metastasis and to eliminate cancer cells in the body.   An important adjuvant to cancer therapy, it is used as an alternative to surgical procedures that cannot be carried out on a patient. Radiation therapy is a common procedure in breast and lung cancers as well as in brain cancer, colorectal carcinomas and skin cancers of the face. (Florida Cancer Care News, 2006)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the USA, the main issue of debate and concern among the clinicians is the poorer prognosis rates in the USA patients due to cancer when compared to other countries of Europe. This has been attributed to the type of care given in each country, and has led to intense concentration on methods that improve recovery outcomes.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   These concerns have led to five areas of intense activity in the area of cancer therapy, as stated by Tattersall and Thomas, (1999). There are now multidisciplinary teams that specialize in one or two specific organs and provide treatment and care to those specific cancer patients. There have been increased efforts to improve the organizational setup of the cancer therapy and delivery setups. Clearer treatment goals now exist, along with increased awareness in the public about the different aspects of cancer, cancer therapy and the role of trials in the development of better alternatives and cures for the future. Now current research is aiming to derive benefits from matrix metallo proteinase inhibitors, gene therapies and cancer vaccines. (Tattersal and Thomas, 1999) All these areas of activity are hoped to increase the patient outcomes significantly in the future and help in creating better alternative solutions to cancer treatments. Team Members in Radiation Therapy Treatment Plans     Ã‚  Ã‚   The advancements in this field have led to increase in the number of professionals in this field. Each has a unique and an important role to play in the treatment procedure. The radiation therapists mainly work in conjunction with the medical doctor and with them discuss the individual cases that are considered for radiation therapy. Of these the suitable cases are selected and the radiation treatment is then started under the guidance of the radiation oncologist The decision making process in radiation therapy is absolutely critical, as the radiation oncologist decides the amount and intensity of the dose each patient will get according to the individual factors and more importantly the state of the cancer.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A radiation department in any organization will consist of multiple workers and members, each having a significant role to play in the treatment of the patient. These include the clinical oncologists or radiologists, the radiographers, radiation therapists and the dosimetrists, the physicist, the mould room technicians, the nursing staff, the students and the R.T aides and assistants and other members such as social workers, palliative care team, counselors, and secretaries and clerical staffs. (Cancer Backup, 2005 and American Society of Radiologic Technologists, 2007). Stimulation is the initial step in the radiation treatment where a radiation therapist takes x-ray images and utilize this to locate the tumor. Other methods such as CT scans can also be used in order to minimize tissue damage in the patient, ensuring that only the carcinogenic cells are destroyed. Together with a radiation oncologist and a dosimetrist, they customize a treatment plan for the patient (Radiation Therapists 2006). Both clinical oncologists and radiologists are concerned with minimal invasive methods in treating cancer cases. According to the Royal   College of Radiologists (2007), radiologists   are medical specialists that conduct imaging services in order to provide patients the proper diagnosis. Oncologists on the other hand are specialists trained to manage cancer in non-surgical forms of treatment. They usually recommend procedures such as chemotherapy, hormone therapy, and radioactive isotopes. After taking the image of the affected organ of the body, this is to be interpreted by another specialist in order to prescribe and execute the proper treatment. This is a task attended by professionals called radiographers (Radiography and Radiographers). Dosimetrists are primarily concerned on the proper dosage to be administered to a patient. They scan patients and use CT data or other measurements in order to provide patients the proper treatment plan (Medical Dosimetrists, 2004).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The members of the radiation team that are outside of the department faculty but help in the procedures include the referring faculties, physicians, radiologists and emergency departments, the industry vendors, the patients and their family members, the instructors or directors of the radiology programs, the insurance companies, the governmental and regulatory agencies and the accrediting agencies, if applicable. (American Society of Radiologic Technologists, 2007)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The radiation team is perhaps the most integrated and interconnected team compared to other sections of the medical health care. The realization of the need for team work in reducing confusion, promoting smoothness and harmony in the care of the patient was realized long ago, however, it was not implemented fully in many medical and surgical areas. The results have shown lags or gaps in the treatment of care. Many of the current radiology departments have learned from the lessons of the past, and now term themselves as the radiology team who take care of the patient through all the stages of the radiotherapy treatment. (Kaprich, 2003) This has led to not only improvement in the care of the patients, but also in the hospital management and organization matters as well as job satisfaction levels. The level of communication between the different contributors of the department has improved and therefore, shows a much prompt and informed response in the care of various pa tients. (Kaprich, 2003) Radiation Therapists   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Advancement of technology has given professionals access to different methods that enable the correct identification and location of cancer cells which are the specific targets of the ionizing energy of radiation and preventing tissue cell damage. With this directed and controlled use of radiation, there is a reduced manifestation of side effects due to the treatment patients receive, and there is an expedited recovery of patients. (M.D Anderson Cancer Center, 2007) Together with the doctor, a radiation therapist is responsible for the patients familiarization of the radiation treatment procedure. This will allow the patient to become aware of the possible problems that may arise and to answer any reservations that the patient may have. Therefore, a radiation therapist is expected to be present throughout the treatment period. Nurses in Radiation Oncology   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The inclusion of nurses in this field of radiation oncology is fairly recent. However, this has now become an integrated and competent player in the caring of cancer patients in the radiology department.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The role of nurses have evolved in this field, as many of them have been tasked to carry out many of the advanced procedures in the treatment process. Both preoperative and operative care are executed by these nurses, making them indispensable in the success of the patients recovery.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Currently, the responsibilities given to the nursing staff include both basic and advanced tasks. The basic tasks include education and caring of the patient with in the department and helping others in carrying out researches and other projects. Nurses work towards creating an environment both among themselves and among the different staff members to create an open, friendly environment that ensures better outcomes. Along side, the nurses are responsible for their own education and growth within the field, and opportunities to increase and improve competencies within the staff. The nurses are therefore, working primarily in creating an environment that improves the patient care and outcomes, as well as improve the communication between the various contributors to the field. (Kaprich, 2003) In oncology, the roles of nurses in the treatment process is considered an integral part of the overall healthcare. The primary purpose of providing nursing care is to allow the patients to become independent through the development of their physical, psychical, and social abilities. It is significant in preserving, strengthening and protecting health, and nursing patients and rehabilitating them (Basic Principles of Nursing ). Physicists in the Field of Radiation Therapy   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Another significant member of the team of professionals in radiation oncology are the physicists. This specialist is responsible for giving the patient optimum radiation therapy procedures that would ensure minimal health risks and maximum efficacy. Due to the delicate nature of their job, these physicists are expected to be highly professional and equipped with the proper training in conducting their tasks. Part of the job that physicists have is that they should select the proper radiation instruments to be used, the budget preparation and the sequence of procedure execution. Due to this technical knowledge, physicists are important in identifying and rectifying problems that could possibly transpire. But this specialist is not confined in his technical role as his position requires that he collaborates with both oncologists and radiation therapists in determining the proper dosage, duration, timing, frequency and type of radiation therapy to be administered to a patient. Since the availability of x-rays, physicists have exploited this technology of medical imaging, which is vital to medical research advancement. Fundamental research in optics, acoustics, electromagnetism, and particle and nuclear physics have led to an array of indispensable medical tools. Magnetic resonance images, CAT scans, PET scans, and various types of radiotherapy are among the physics-based devices that help doctors diagnose and treat ailments ranging from broken bones to cancer. Ultrasound machines, for example, are made possible through our understanding of the physics of sound waves, and the prenatal images they produce are now so common that they are a cultural symbol of the joy of impending parenthood (Genetic Radiotherapy 2002). Cutting-edge techniques presented in the annual AAPM meeting scientific program will ultimately lead to tools as important to the medicine of tomorrow as x-ray and ultrasound images are today. (Asp et al, 1993)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The use of ionizing radiation in the radiation field has led to many questions raised about the safety margins of these procedures. As stated before, there is a fine line of division between the therapeutic effects of radiation and the adverse effects of the radiotherapy. In this regard, the role of dosimetrists is essential to delineate the amount of dose necessary for each case. Dosimetrists play a role in treatment planning, mould room technology, brachytherapy and sealed source management, in-vivo dosimetry, quality control of equipment, and IT support. (Radiotherapy Provision in England, 2006) Dosimetrists for Dose Determination   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A dosimetrist is actually responsible for the delivery of the proper dosage to be given to a patient. They are subordinates to doctors who work in close communication with the patient as well as their families. The person who actually delivers the dose of radiation each day is known as dosimetrist. These work under the doctor or the oncologist and are in close communication with the patient as well as the family members of the patient. The radiation dose decided for a patient is given to him or her in divided portions. The session itself is a small one, but the radiation therapist is the one who delivers it and communicates any changes in the patient to the oncologist.    Mental Health Support for Cancer Patients   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Radiation therapy is a big step of treatment in cancer patients and therefore, their mental and physical state is a very important clue and guide to the selectivity of the case for the therapy. Such patients begin one of the most difficult incidents of their lives by opting for radiotherapy. In this regard, they need the proper guidance, support, help and boost to help them get through the different stages of radiation therapy, and to improve chances of recovery. In many of such hospitals, the support programs are available which work with various social services to provide such cases with any required information they need. There are many things the patients undergo in this event. They either may undergo external radiation therapy treatment or an internal radiation treatment. In external radiation therapy, the patients are called to the radiation center 5 times a week and radiation is given to them. The two days off from radiation helps the normal cells to recup erate from the damage of the radiation procedure.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Patients after changing in hospital robes are asked to enter the radiation room especially designed for the purpose. After instructing the patient the proper position, the radiotherapist proceeds to his proper location where he would execute his task. The patient is asked to remain in a the said position where he is to receive a fixed radiation dose to the tumor affected area. After the completion of the session, the patient is then directed to leave and attend to normal daily matters. Patients in these stages undergo immense psychological as well as physical stress for which it is advised that they rest more to help the body restore itself in the normal manner. Since depression and anxiety are two most common features, the patients are advised to take part in activities that boost their morale and help them feel good about themselves. The support teams in this regard focus on providing and guiding patients to a good nutrition plan, to aid in better recovery from illness. Nausea is also among the problems that patients encounter but these can be easily handled through medication prescribed by your oncologist. Hair falling is another issue that usually resolves once chemotherapy is over. In summary, the radiation procedure is especially taxing for the patient who may need immense support and care at this crucial time, which becomes the responsibility of the family as well as the radiology team. (WebMD, 2007)    Internal Radiation Therapy   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Internal radiation therapy is another frequent option chosen by the oncologist in the treatment plan of many cancer patients. The high dose rate radiation therapy is a type of this internal radiation therapy where radioactive source is removed between treatments. In this case, the source of radiation is placed in direct proximity to the cancer area and is applied with small sophisticated machinery. This is in contrast to the use of heavy extensive radiation and machinery that is used in external radiation procedures. The substances used in these instances include iodine, cesium, iridium, phosphorus and palladium etc. This treatment has been given many names and is also known as brachytherapy, implant radiation therapy, interstitial, intracavitary or passage radiation. Internal radiation therapy however is a procedure that requires hospital care and attention, as well as isolation, for in this therapy; other people may get exposed to high radiation levels. Therefore, many cases of these may keep the patients for a day or two, during which the affect of the radiation substance would have worn off, and become useless. (Cancer Source, 2007)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It is important that once radiation therapy is carried out, the patient is seen and advised further about the future therapies or treatments. This is an essential part of the treatment modality. Mostly prior to the radiation therapy, the oncologist and the radiation therapist carry out the discussion about the possible side effects of the therapy and what a patient may expect afterwards. The doctor emphasizes the need of follow up care and the role of the patient to show up in time. These include many procedures, including regular medical checkups, screening and diagnostic procedures, endoscopy, blood work etc. All these help the clinician check on the health of the patient and the recovery status, and whether any complication is arising. The patients are asked about the status of their health and any signs and symptoms that the patient may be feeling. Patient is asked about pain, or any physical difficulty being experienced in daily routine. He or she is asked frequently about any medications, supplements and the dietary habits he or she is conducting. Emotional issues and problems as well as family histories are also taken into account in these visits. Such patients may be called after two months of the radiotherapy, and then asked about the status and any necessary investigations may be carried out. These visits may be tapered down to once a year if the prognosis is good and the patient is recovering successfully. The patients are however, asked to maintain the record of their illness and all of the treatment modalities carried out including medications and previous test results for future references. (National Cancer Institute, 2007) Effect of Radiotherapy on Nutritional State of Cancer Patients   Ã‚  Ã‚     Nutrition is a very important aspect in proceeding with the treatment. There are currently many studies conducted in determining the proper nutrition a cancer patient must receive. This is due to the fact that cancer treatments cause high energy expenditure among patients, leaving then in nutritional deficiency as they undergo radiation therapy. Several factors contribute to this problem. First is the fatigue that develops as a result of the treatment, which takes away the ability of the patient to take balanced nutrition. Second is the lack of hunger in such patients and third is the increased vomiting and nausea that these patients encounter during the treatment phase. In all these scenarios, the net result is the reduction in the nutritional capacity of the patients. This is especially true for patients who have cancers of the oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus or the gastrointestinal tract. Dietary and/or external supplementary nutritional sources are extremely important in such cases. Isenring, Capra and Bauer in 2004, claimed that nutritional therapy is an essential feature of the patient recovery plan in cancer radiotherapy. (Isenring et al, 2004)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Researches conducted reveal the negative impact of radiation therapy on the patients nutritional health. There are obvious evidences that nutritional deficiencies are common to cancer patients, especially those suffering from cancer of the GI tract. Due to the imbalance between food intake and energy loss, malnutrition is inevitable. Most patients suffer from malnutrition in the radiation phase, because of this many hospitals now recommend that a compulsory health program be imposed on patients to ensure the proper provision of their nutrition. There are different claims as how to properly design these programs. Some suggest that amino acids and essential fatty acids are important in increasing bodys defenses and to improve patient recovery. A reduced fat diet, live yoghurt and fermented milk product use are now one of the most important components in the cancer nutrition plan. (Internet Health Library, 2007)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Studies indicate the biggest danger due to malnutrition is the intense weight loss that the patient suffers from, which can lead to increased morbidity and mortality rates, reduction of the body’s defense systems and increased possibility of the return of the cancer, should any remaining cancerous tissue remains. While initial weight loss is of no serious consequence, continued weight reduction is a sign of concern. For many of the symptoms that the patient encounters, the options are presented for the specific issue. For example, mouth dryness is a common problem for the cancer patients. This increases their chances of oral infections, and therefore, patients are advised to chew on sugarless gums, increased intake of water, and using high moisture foods and fruits. Patients are advised to take small but frequent meals that are low on fat, to aid in digestion. Appetite stimulants are another good method of improving diet and appetite in such patients. Iron supplementation is advised to counter the effects of anemia, exercise may help in dealing with changes like menopausal states which cannot be given estrogen therapies. Patients in cancer cases tend to opt for more supplements and become less careful about the food that they eat. This should be the other way round, for natural food is the best nutritional supplement and helps in recovery faster. Fruits and vegetables are a high source of vitamins and minerals and can help in the recovery of the patients’ appetites. (Cancer Journal for Clinician, 2001) Physical and Mental Health Maintenance   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As stated before, the cancer therapy is an intensely physically as well as emotionally demanding phase of treatment to a patient. In such circumstances, the need is for intense emotional support and encouragement. It is estimated that up to 40% of the patients may experience immense emotional distress during the cancer treatment, and therefore identification with proper counseling and guidance is very important for such cases. (Sollner et al, 2001) The problem lies in the correct identification of the cases undergoing distress and to understand the severity of the issue before hand. Many of the oncologists however, are unable to identify cases of distress which may cause complications at a later date. (Sollner et al, 2001) It is very important that oncologists are able to identify such cases and work accordingly for the benefit of the patient. Many social support groups are available in the hospitals that aim to help and guide the patients as well as their families t o better radiotherapy experience.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The concept of hospice has been indeed one of the methods with which care can be given to patients undergoing therapy. Somewhat of a recent concept in oncology care, hospice care has fast become a popular method among the patients. While hospice care is a good method, there are only three percent of the total cancer patients in a hospital that undergo radiation therapy. The issues here are different as the approvals for radiation are hard to get for the patient. Most of the hospice patients are senior age individuals with a mean age of 63 years admitted in the UK hospitals. (Lutz, Ashworth and Connor, 2005)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The use of hospice care therefore becomes a complicated issue when decision to conduct radiotherapy for such individuals is considered. Many of the patients in this regard are actually cases of terminal cancer who need palliative care through radiotherapy. It is important to address the need of the dying patients and to provide them with the necessary care to help them get through the process with as minimum pain as possible. (Lutz, Ashworth and Connor, 2005)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Usually there are three kinds of patients that undergo hospice care during radiotherapy. The first are those patients who do not have any one to take care of them during their radiotherapy session, and therefore the hospital provides it to them. The second are the patients who do not forgo the hospital admission, and third are those who are getting parenteral and tube nutrition, radiotherapy and chemotherapy and are getting transfusions. (Lorenz et al, 2004) In many of such cases the patients may have difficulty getting admission in the hospitals, despite falling into one of the above three categories. Access in such cases needs to be made smoother for the patients. (Lorenz et al, 2004)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Current hospices are now a combination of inpatient and home care services. In the past this was not the case. Hospices and palliative care were considered a separate department and were accordingly handled. The development in this area has led to modern hospices with a home like feel for the patients to help them recover and feel psychologically better. It is to remember that hospice care in many patients is essentially palliative care, and includes symptom control, effective communication between patients and the doctors, rehabilitation and continuation of care, terminal care, support provision in bereavement, education and research.(Neill and Fallon, 1997) In other words current hospice is a refuge, a recuperant and an area of research all combined. Palliative care is again the domain of specialists in oncology and in other disciplines so as to give the best care there is possible to the patient. In cancer terminal patients, many efforts are carried out to make the stay of the patient more comfortable. After thorough evaluation and identifying the cause of pain in such patients, the administration of analgesics is undertaken. While primary drugs remain the same during the course of the treatment, the secondary drugs or the adjuvant drugs are added as the case may need. These may include some other drugs depending on the patient symptoms such as steroids, anti inflammatories, antidepressants, anti convulsants, and anti arrhythmic drugs. Issues of tolerance and toxicity are taken very seriously and patient progress in this regard is taken under constant observation. (Neill and Fallon, 1997)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There are many reasons cited by the patients about their preference of hospice care to home care. These include high professional care, easy to communicate and clarify issues of health and cancer stages, ease in the visitation in between the radiotherapy sessions with ample time for rest, and provision of support to the patient as well as the family members in the hospital settings. Such patients were satisfied about the exclusive team of care givers in the radiotherapy department, and a faculty that focuses on cancer patients only. However, areas of dissatisfaction among the patients include the problems encountered with the radiation units and machines, occasional lack of communication between the various members of the staff leading to problems in care provision, and problems in transporting patients from one department to the next. (Gavin et al, 2002) CONCLUSIONS:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Radiotherapy is a field of intensive research and activity and is undergoing many changes and developments. Now there is a shift and interest from the conventional external beam radiotherapy procedures and there is more emphasis on the use of fractionation doses rather than single ones. This is especially seen to be beneficial for cases of head and neck cancers and improve the prognosis of the patients, as well as give them ample time to recover during the procedures. Some of the rules however, follow. For example the dosage of radiation is decided depending upon the size of the tumor mass. The larger the mass, the more it must receive the dosage of the radiation. Other methods of providing doses include hyperfractionation, which is twice daily delivery of the radiation, the accelerated fractionation, which aims to decrease the treatment period and to prevent the tumor from regrowing. Some of the techniques employed that prove to have relatively positive impacts are the concomitant boost technique, given once a day for three and a half weeks and twice a day in the final two week period, and the accelerated hyperfrationation, which combines the effects of both hyperfractionation and acclerated dosing. (Chow et al, 2001)   Oxygenation of tumor is also considered for treatment. It has been established that oxygen has the ability to modify radiation damage, that in malignant tumors, both oxygenation and tumor cell proliferation determine local tumor management after radiotherapy. However, there are currently insufficient explanations in correlating oxygenation status and tumor cell kinetics (Nordsmark et al. 1996). But according to the Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research (2005), Oxygen therapy uses ozone or hydrogen peroxide to supposedly add extra oxygen to your body. Proponents believe cancer cells need a low-oxygen environment to survive, and that flooding your body with extra oxygen will kill cancer cells. Ozone gas can be mixed with water or air, and users usually drink or inhale the solution. It can also be injected into a muscle. Hydrogen peroxide is sometimes injected into a vein, though it can also be administered rectally. Oxygen therapy hasnt been studied in people. Hydrogen peroxide bubbles in the blood can block blood flow and lead to death. An alternative cure or disease management for cancer patients is for them to undergo surgical procedures. This can be done for several reasons, it can be preventive or prophylactic, for diagnostic, staging, curative, and others. It is one of the oldest forms of cancer treatment that removes tumor and saves normal tissues (American Cancer Society 2007).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Current treatment regimes are now utilizing the use of more sophisticated machinery that is able to specify the location of the tumor and provide therapy to that area only, so as to prevent damage to the normal tissues. The external beam therapy advancements are leading to improvements in the outcomes of the cancer patients and therefore is becoming a widely used procedure in cancer therapy. Internal radiation therapy is somewhat limited to the surgical procedures, where removal of the tumor is promptly followed by radiation therapy to ensure the removal of any viable cancer cells.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Cancer chemotherapy is advancing at a rapid rate and is now a need for the future. The increase in the rates of cancers worldwide has led to the formation of specified task forces aimed to identify the similarities of the problems faced by the patients, their families as well as the doctors in the care of such cases. With the increased length of the treatment with frequent recalls and visits, it is important that such treatments be carried out in coordination with the different members of the radiology team. The roles of the various team members are important and each has a very important role to contribute in the cancer care.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The introduction of social programs is a very positive effort by the health care administrations which aim to educate and help the patients during the various phases of the cancer treatments. The understanding of the physical and emotional distress and needs of the patients and rectifying it helps to improve the outcomes many times and ensures the best of treatment provision. 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